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it's on the heavy side

Толкование Перевод

1 be on the heavy side

Общая лексика: быть перегруженным

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > be on the heavy side
2 on the heavy side

1) Общая лексика: слишком тяжеловесный

2) Образное выражение: в теле

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > on the heavy side
3 be on the heavy side

быть перегруженным

Новый англо-русский словарь > be on the heavy side
4 heavy

heavy ['hevɪ]

lourd ⇒ 1 (a)-(c), 1 (e), 1 (f), 1 (i), 1 (k), 1 (m)-(o), 1 (r), 1 (t), 2 chargé ⇒ 1 (b), 1 (k) important ⇒ 1 (c), 1 (p) gros ⇒ 1 (c), 1 (e)-(h) grave ⇒ 1 (i), 1 (r) pénible ⇒ 1 (k) rôle tragique ⇒ 3 (a) dur ⇒ 3 (b)

(compar heavier, superl heaviest, pl heavies)

1 adjective

(a) (in weight) lourd; (object) lourd, pesant;

∎ how heavy is he? combien pèse-t-il?;

∎ how heavy is it? est-ce que c'est lourd?;

∎ it's too heavy for me to lift je ne peux pas le soulever, c'est ou ça pèse trop lourd;

∎ heavy luggage gros bagages mpl, bagages mpl lourds

(b) (burdened, laden) chargé, lourd;

∎ the branches were heavy with fruit les branches étaient chargées ou lourdes de fruits;

∎ her eyes were heavy with sleep elle avait les yeux lourds de sommeil;

∎ archaic or literary she was heavy with child elle était enceinte;

∎ Zoology heavy with young gravide, grosse

(c) (in quantity → expenses, payments) important, considérable; (→ fine, losses) gros (grosse), lourd; (→ taxes) lourd; (→ casualties, damages) énorme, important; (→ crop) abondant, gros (grosse); (→ dew) abondant; (→ user) gros (grosse);

∎ she has a heavy cold elle a un gros rhume, elle est fortement enrhumée;

∎ to have heavy periods avoir des règles abondantes;

∎ there's a heavy demand for teachers il y a une forte ou grosse demande d'enseignants;

∎ her students make heavy demands on her ses étudiants sont très exigeants avec elle ou exigent beaucoup d'elle;

∎ heavy rain forte pluie f;

∎ heavy seas grosse mer f;

∎ heavy showers grosses ou fortes averses fpl;

∎ heavy sleep sommeil m profond ou lourd;

∎ to be a heavy sleeper avoir le sommeil profond ou lourd;

∎ heavy snow neige f abondante, fortes chutes fpl de neige;

∎ they expect heavy trading on the Stock Exchange ils s'attendent à ce que le marché soit très actif;

∎ heavy traffic circulation f dense, grosse circulation f

(d) (using large quantities)

∎ he's a heavy drinker/smoker il boit/fume beaucoup, c'est un grand buveur/fumeur;

∎ a heavy gambler un(une) flambeur(euse);

∎ British familiar the car's very heavy on petrol la voiture consomme énormément d'essence;

∎ familiar you've been a bit heavy on the pepper tu as eu la main un peu lourde avec le poivre

(e) (laborious → movement) lourd; (→ step) pesant, lourd; (→ sigh) gros (grosse), profond; (→ thud) gros (grosse);

∎ he was dealt a heavy blow (hit) il a reçu un coup violent; (from fate) ça a été un rude coup ou un gros choc pour lui;

∎ heavy breathing (from effort, illness) respiration f pénible; (from excitement) respiration f haletante;

∎ heavy fighting is reported in the Gulf on signale des combats acharnés dans le Golfe;

∎ to rule with a heavy hand gouverner de façon très autoritaire;

∎ we could hear his heavy tread on the stairs nous l'entendions monter l'escalier d'un pas lourd;

∎ a heavy landing un atterrissage brutal

(f) (thick → coat, sweater, shoes) gros (grosse); (→ soil) lourd, gras

(g) (person → fat) gros (grosse), corpulent; (→ solid) costaud, fortement charpenté;

∎ a man of heavy build un homme solidement bâti

(h) (coarse, solid → line, lips) gros (grosse), épais(aisse); (thick → beard) gros (grosse), fort;

∎ heavy features gros traits mpl, traits mpl épais ou lourds

(i) (grave, serious → news) grave; (→ responsibility) lourd; (→ defeat) lourd, grave;

∎ familiar things got a bit heavy les choses ont mal tourné

(j) (depressed → mood, spirits) abattu, déprimé;

∎ with a heavy heart, heavy at heart le cœur gros

(k) (tiring → task) lourd, pénible; (→ work) pénible; (→ day, schedule, week) chargé, difficile;

∎ I've got a heavy day ahead of me j'ai une journée chargée devant moi;

∎ heavy going (in horseracing) terrain m lourd;

∎ figurative they found it heavy going ils ont trouvé cela pénible ou difficile;

∎ the rain made the trip heavy going la pluie a rendu le voyage pénible;

∎ it was heavy going getting them to agree j'ai eu du mal à le leur faire accepter;

∎ I found his last novel very heavy going j'ai trouvé son dernier roman très indigeste

(l) (difficult to understand → not superficial) profond, compliqué, sérieux; (→ tedious) indigeste;

∎ the report makes for heavy reading le rapport n'est pas d'une lecture facile ou est ardu

(m) (clumsy → humour, irony) peu subtil, lourd; (→ style) lourd

(n) (food, meal) lourd, indigeste; (wine) corsé, lourd;

∎ these scones are a bit on the heavy side ces scones sont un peu lourds ou indigestes

(o) (ominous, oppressive → air, cloud, weather) lourd; (→ sky) couvert, chargé, lourd; (→ silence) lourd, pesant, profond; (→ smell, perfume) lourd, fort; familiar (→ situation) difficile^□, menaçant^□ ;

∎ to make heavy weather of doing sth avoir du mal à faire qch;

∎ familiar to get heavy with sb devenir agressif avec qn^□

(p) familiar (important) important^□ ;

∎ to have a heavy date avoir un rendez-vous galant

(q) (stress) accentué; (rhythm) aux accents marqués

(r) Physics (body) grave; Nuclear (atom) lourd

(s) Stock Exchange

∎ the market is heavy le marché est lourd ou orienté vers la baisse

(t) Theatre (part → difficult) lourd, difficile; (→ dramatic) tragique

2 adverb

(a) (lie, weigh) lourd, lourdement;

∎ the lie weighed heavy on her conscience le mensonge pesait lourd sur sa conscience;

∎ time hangs heavy on his hands il trouve le temps long

(b) (harshly)

∎ to come on heavy with sb être dur avec qn

3 noun

(a) Theatre (serious part) rôle m tragique; (part of villain) rôle m du traître;

∎ he usually plays the heavy d'habitude il joue des rôles de traître

(b) familiar (tough guy) dur m;

∎ he sent round the heavies il a envoyé les brutes ou les casseurs;

∎ don't come the heavy with me ne joue pas au dur avec moi

(c) familiar (boxer, wrestler) (poids m) lourd^□ m

(d) Military gros calibre m

(e) Scottish (beer) = bière relativement amère, à forte teneur en houblon

(f) British familiar Press

∎ the heavies = les quotidiens de qualité

►► Military heavy artillery artillerie f lourde ou de gros calibre;

familiar heavy breather auteur m de coups de téléphone obscènes^□ ;

American Cookery heavy cream ≃ crème f fraîche épaisse;

Military heavy fire feu m nourri, feu m intense;

British Transport heavy goods vehicle poids m lourd;

American heavy hitter (in baseball) = joueur qui frappe fort et marque beaucoup de points; figurative homme m influent, gros bonnet m;

Chemistry heavy hydrogen hydrogène m lourd, deutérium m;

Industry heavy industry industrie f lourde;

heavy machinery matériel m lourd;

Stock Exchange heavy market marché m lourd;

heavy metal Physics métal m lourd; Music heavy metal m inv;

familiar the heavy mob les casseurs mpl, les durs mpl;

heavy oil huile f lourde;

heavy petting (UNCOUNT) caresses fpl très poussées;

Typography heavy type caractères mpl gras;

Physics heavy water eau f lourde

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > heavy
5 side

side [saɪd]

1. noun

   a. [of person] côté m ; [of animal] flanc m

• to sleep on one's side dormir sur le côté

• he had the phone by his side il avait le téléphone à côté de lui

• she remained by his side through thick and thin elle est restée à ses côtés à travers toutes leurs épreuves

► side by side côte à côte

• to live side by side vivre côte à côte

   b. (as opposed to top, bottom) côté m ; [of mountain] versant m ; (inside) [of cave, ditch, box] paroi f

• by the side of the church à côté de l'église

• go round the side of the house contournez la maison

   c. [of record] face f ; [of coin, cloth, slice of bread, sheet of paper] côté m ; [of matter, problem] aspect m ; [of sb's character] facette f

• the right side [of garment, cloth] l'endroit m

• the wrong side [of garment, cloth] l'envers m

• right/wrong side out [jumper] à l'endroit/l'envers

• right/wrong side up dans le bon/mauvais sens

• "this side up" (on box) « haut »

• I've written six sides j'ai écrit six pages

• but the other side of the coin is that it's cheap mais d'un autre côté, ce n'est pas cher

• they are two sides of the same coin [issues] ce sont les deux facettes du même problème

• there are two sides to every quarrel dans toute querelle il y a deux points de vue

• now listen to my side of the story maintenant écoute ma version des faits

• he's got a nasty side to him (inf) il a un côté méchant

   d. ( = edge) bord m

• by the side of the road au bord de la route

   e. ( = part away from centre) côté m

• on the other side of the street de l'autre côté de la rue

• the east side of the town la partie est de la ville

• it's on this side of London c'est de ce côté-ci de Londres ; (between here and London) c'est avant Londres

• this side of Christmas avant Noël

• he makes a bit on the side (inf) il se fait un peu d'argent en plus

• on the other side (TV) sur l'autre chaîne

• it's on the heavy side c'est plutôt lourd

► from side to side d'un côté à l'autre

► the wrong side

• he was on the wrong side of the road il était du mauvais côté de la route

• he got out of bed on the wrong side il s'est levé du pied gauche

• he's on the wrong side of 50 il a passé la cinquantaine► preposition + one side

• he moved to one side il s'est écarté

• to take sb on or to one side prendre qn à part

• to put sth to or on one side mettre qch de côté

   f. ( = group) camp m ; ( = team) équipe f ; (political) parti m

• he's on our side il est dans notre camp

• we have time on our side le temps joue en notre faveur

• whose side are you on? dans quel camp êtes-vous ?

• there are faults on both sides les deux camps ont des torts

2. compounds

[door, panel, view] latéral

► side dish noun plat m d'accompagnement

► side effect noun effet m secondaire

► side issue noun question f secondaire

► side order noun plat m d'accompagnement

► side road noun (British) route f secondaire ; (in town) petite rue f ; (at right angle) rue f transversale

► side salad noun salade f (pour accompagner un plat)

► side show noun (at fair) attraction f ; ( = minor point) détail m

► side-splitting (inf) adjective tordant (inf)

► side street noun petite rue f

► side against inseparable transitive verb

• to side against sb prendre parti contre qn

► side with inseparable transitive verb

• to side with sb prendre parti pour qn

* * *
[saɪd] 1.
noun

1) ( part) (of person's body, object, table) côté m; (of animal's body, hill, boat) flanc m; (of ravine, cave) paroi f; ( of box) ( outer) côté m; ( inner) paroi f

on my left/right side — à ma gauche/droite

on one's/its side — sur le côté

side by side — côte à côte

don't leave my side — reste près de moi

the north side of town — le nord de la ville

‘this side up’ — ( on box) ‘haut’

2) ( surface of flat object) (of paper, cloth) côté m; ( of record) face f

the right side — ( of cloth) l'endroit m; ( of coin) l'avers m; ( of paper) le recto

the wrong side — ( of cloth) l'envers m; ( of coin) le revers; ( of paper) le verso

3) ( edge) (of lake, road) bord m; ( of building) côté m

at ou by the side of — au bord de [lake, road]

4) ( aspect) (of person, argument) côté m; (of problem, question) aspect m; ( of story) version f

she's on the arts side — ( academically) elle a opté pour les lettres

he's on the marketing side — ( in company) il fait partie du service de marketing

5) ( opposing group) côté m, camp m

to take sides — prendre position

6) ( team) équipe f

you've really let the side down — fig tu nous as laissé tomber

7) ( page) page f

8) ( line of descent)

on his mother's side — du côté de sa mère

9) (colloq) ( TV channel) chaîne f
2.
noun modifier [ door, window, entrance, view] latéral
3.
- sided combining form

six-sided figure — figure f à six côtés

many-sided problem — problème m complexe
4.
on the side adverbial phrase

with salad on the side — avec de la salade

to do something on the side — ( in addition) faire quelque chose à côté; ( illegally) faire quelque chose au noir

Phrasal Verbs:

- side with

••

like the side of a house — énorme

time is on our side — le temps travaille pour nous

to be on the safe side — ( allowing enough time) pour calculer large; ( to be certain) pour être sûr

(a bit) on the big side — plutôt grand

to get on the wrong side of somebody — prendre quelqu'un à rebrousse-poil

to get on the right side of somebody — se mettre bien avec quelqu'un

to have right on one's side — être dans son droit

to put something to one side — mettre [quelque chose] de côté [object, task]

to take somebody to one side — prendre quelqu'un à part

English-French dictionary > side
6 side

side [saɪd]

1. n

1) сторона́, бок;

from all sides, from every side со всех сторо́н, отовсю́ду

2) сте́нка

3) бок ( туловища);

pain in the side боль в боку́

4) полови́на мясно́й ту́ши и т.п.

5):

the right (wrong) side of cloth пра́вая (ле́вая) сторона́ мате́рии, лицо́ (изна́нка) мате́рии

6) сторона́, аспе́кт, черта́

7) пози́ция, то́чка зре́ния, подхо́д

8) сторона́ (в процессе, споре и т.п.)

9) край, коне́ц;

at the side of the road на обо́чине доро́ги
;

side of the page по́ле страни́цы

10) склон ( горы)

11) ли́ния родства́;

relatives on the maternal side ро́дственники по матери́нской ли́нии

12) мор. борт

13) сл. чва́нство, высокоме́рие;

to put on side ва́жничать

14) разг. телекана́л;

to try another side посмотре́ть, что идёт по друго́й програ́мме

15) attr. боково́й

16) attr. побо́чный;

a side effect побо́чное де́йствие (лекарства, лечения и т.п.)

◊
side by side ря́дом; бок о́ бок
;

to put on one side игнори́ровать
;

to get on the right side of smb. расположи́ть кого́-л. к себе́
;

to take sides стать на чью-л. сто́рону; примкну́ть к той или друго́й па́ртии
;

the weather is on the cool side пого́да дово́льно прохла́дная
;

on the side попу́тно, ме́жду про́чим; дополни́тельно, в прида́чу
;

to be on the heavy side быть перегру́женным

2. v примкну́ть к кому́-л., быть на чьей-л. стороне́ (with)

Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > side
7 side

saɪd
1. сущ.
1) а) сторона;
бок;
край on the other side ≈ с другой стороны the wrong side of cloth ≈ изнанка, левая сторона материи on the north side of the town square ≈ с северной стороны городской площади side by side ≈ рядом;
бок о бок far side near side reverse side б) склон( горы)
2) позиция, точка зрения, подход to study all sides of a problem ≈ изучить проблему со всех сторон humorous side ≈ юмористический подход practical side (of things) ≈ практический подход (к вещам) the seamy side of life ≈ изнанка жизни There are two sides to every question. ≈ У каждой проблемы есть две стороны.
3) а) стена, стенка б) мор. борт( судна)
4) сторона (в процессе, споре и т. п.) on smb's side ≈ на чьей-л. стороне to take smb.'s side ≈ примкнуть к кому-л. (в споре), встать на чью-л. сторону the losing side ≈ проигравшая сторона the winning side ≈ выигравшая сторона the wrong side ≈ та сторона, которая не права
5) линия родства relatives on the paternal side ≈ родственники по линии отца
6) половина тела, мясной туши и т. п. ∙ put on side put on one side
2. прил.
1) боковой She slipped out of the theatre by a side door. ≈ Она выскользнула из театра через боковую дверь. Ant: main
2) побочный, неглавный a side effect ≈ побочное действие( лекарства, лечения и т. п.)
3. гл. примкнуть к кому-л., быть на чьей-л. стороне (with) ;
выступать против (against) Why do you always side with your mother? ≈ Почему ты всегда берешь сторону своей матери? стенка, стена - the *s of a box стенки ящика - the *s of a house (боковые) стены дома (математика) сторона (фигуры) - a * opposite an angle сторона, противолежащая углу поверхность, сторона, одна из поверхностей (чего-либо) - the two *s of a coin обе стороны монеты - the outer * наружная сторона - to write on both *s of a sheet of paper писать на обеих сторонах листа (бумаги) - the right * of the cloth правая сторона ткани - the wrong * out наизнанку - your socks are on wrong * out вы надели носки наизнанку борт (корабля, лодки) - port * левый борт - lee * подветренная сторона склон - the *s of a mountain склоны горы берег - by the * of a river у берега реки поле, край ( страницы) (геология) сторона, крыло( сброса) (горное) грудь( забоя) ;
стенка (выработки) часть, половина;
сторона - one * of the room одна половина комнаты - the left * of the road левая сторона дороги - the shady * of the road теневая сторона дороги - he crossed to the other * of the room он пошел в другой конец комнаты часть, область, район - the fashionable * of the town фешенебельный район города - the east * of the city восточная часть города край, бок - to sit at the *s сидеть по бокам - to sit on the * of the bed сидеть на краю кровати - to sit at the opposite * of the table сидеть у противоположной стороны стола - a stone at the * of the road камень у края дороги бок (туловища) - he put his hands to his *s он подбоченился - the panting *s of the horse раздувающиеся бока лошади - to shake one's *s with laughing лопаться от смеха, смеяться до упаду место рядом - at smb.'s * рядом с кем-либо - by the * of smth., smb. рядом с чем-либо, кем-либо, около чего-либо, кого-либо;
в сравнении с чем-либо, кем-либо - he never left her * он от нее не отходил - she looked small by the * of him она казалась маленькой рядом с ним - to stand by smb.'s * стоять рядом с кем-либо;
поддерживать кого-либо (морально) - * by * бок о бок;
рядом;
на одной линии( с кем-либо) ;
в полном согласии, в единении (с кем-либо) половина (туши) - to cut the carcass into two *s разрубить тушу на две части бок, грудинка - a * of beef говяжья грудинка - a * of mutton бараний бок, баранья грудинка место, пункт - the blank * слабое место - every man has his weak * у каждого свои слабости - to appeal to the better * of smb.'s nature взывать к лучшей стороне чьей-либо души аспект, сторона;
черта - to study a question from all *s изучить вопрос всесторонне - a * of his character not generally known черта его характера, мало кому известная - to look on the dark * of things смотреть на вещи мрачно - on the one * с одной стороны - on the other * с другой стороны - on neither * ни с какой стороны - on every *, on all *s со всех сторон - he knows both *s of the question он знает оба аспекта этого вопроса сторона (в споре, рассуждении) - he was on his * very anxious to see Mrs. O. он, со своей стороны, очень хотел увидеть г-жу О. - explain your * of the argument а какова ваша мотивировка? - on all *s war is believed to be the curse of mankind все считают войну бичом человечества - it takes both *s to tell the truth чтобы узнать правду, надо выслушать обе стороны группа, сторона;
партия - the *s a battle сражающиеся стороны - the winning * сторона, одерживающая победу - to change *s перейти из одной партии в другую, перейти на другую сторону - to take a * with smb. принимать чью-либо сторону, становиться на чью-либо сторону - don't take *s in lovers' quarrels не ввязывайтесь в ссоры влюбленных (спортивное) сторона;
команда - no *s! ничья! - our * won the baseball game наша команда выиграла встречу по бейсболу линия (родства) - a cousin on the maternal * родственник по материнской линии отделение( учебного заведения) - the Classical * классическое отделение группа студентов, находящихся на попечении какого-либо преподавателя (в Кембриджском университете) склонность, уклон ( в ту или иную сторону) - on the long * длинноватый - on the heavy * слишком тяжеловесный - to be on the sickly * быть хилым - this * of smth. почти, не доходя до чего-либо - I loved her this * of idolatry моя любовь к ней доходила почти до преклонения - to err on the * of charity быть слишком снисходительным (театроведение) переписанная роль (для одного актера) > to be on the right * of forty быть моложе сорока лет > to be on the wrong * of forty быть старше сорока лет > to get on the right * of smb. заслужить чью-либо благосклонность > to get out of the bed on the wrong * встать с левой ноги > on the * на гарнир, в виде гарнира > a steak with french fries on the * бифштекс с гарниром из жареной картошки > on the * попутно, дополнительно > to make a little money on the * подработать на стороне > she tried to sell cosmetics on the * она пыталась подзаработать продажей косметики > on the * на стороне > he dates another girl on the * на стороне он встречается еще с одной девушкой > to put a question on one * оставить вопрос в стороне, не обращать внимания на данный вопрос боковой - * entrance боковой вход - * lane боковая дорожка - * thrust удар сбоку - * aisles in a theatre боковые места в театре - * chain( химическое) боковая цепь - * ladder( морское) боковой трап - * clearance( техническое) боковой зазор;
торцевой зазор - * dumping( техническое) разгрузка в сторону - * elevation( техническое) вид сбоку;
продольный разрез побочный, неглавный - * remark случайно брошенное замечание - * reaction( химическое) побочная реакция - * effect побочное действие, побочный эффект - * payment побочный заработок заказанный на гарнир - * order of french fries заказанная на гарнир жареная картошка( with) вставать на( чью-либо) сторону;
объединяться, группироваться, блокироваться( с кем-либо) - he *d with the natives он встал на сторону местного населения - they *d with our enemies against us они объединились с нашими врагами против нас (американизм) приводить в порядок, убирать - to * the table убрать со стола (редкое) отложить, отодвинуть в сторону (разговорное) чванство, зазнайство - he has too much * он слишком задается - to put on * about one's birth чваниться своим происхождением - much too much * about the man он слишком много о себе воображает to make a little money on the ~ подработать немного денег на стороне;
to be on the heavy side быть перегруженным to be on the ~ of the angels придерживаться традиционных (ненаучных) взглядов debit ~ дебет счета debit ~ левая сторона баланса debit ~ левая сторона счета equity ~ графа акционерного капитала free over ~ франко-строп судна в порту разгрузки from all sides, from every ~ со всех сторон, отовсюду;
side of the page поле страницы from all sides, from every ~ со всех сторон, отовсюду;
side of the page поле страницы to get on the right ~ (of smb.) расположить( кого-л.) к себе;
to take sides стать на (чью-л.) сторону;
примкнуть к той или другой партии to make a little money on the ~ подработать немного денег на стороне;
to be on the heavy side быть перегруженным noncomponent ~ вчт. монтажная сторона the weather is on the cool ~ погода довольно прохладная;
on the side попутно, между прочим;
дополнительно, в придачу opposite ~ противная сторона ~ attr. побочный;
a side effect побочное действие (лекарства, лечения и т. п.) ;
to put on one side игнорировать ~ разг. чванство, высокомерие;
to put on side важничать ~ линия родства;
relatives on the maternal side родственники по материнской линии the right (wrong) ~ of cloth правая (левая) сторона материи, лицо( изнанка) материи side половина тела, мясной туши ~ мор. борт ~ линия родства;
relatives on the maternal side родственники по материнской линии ~ позиция, точка зрения, подход ~ склон (горы) ~ стенка ~ сторона (в процессе, споре и т. п.) ~ сторона;
бок;
край;
side by side рядом;
бок о бок ~ сторона;
сторона по делу ~ сторона ~ примкнуть (к кому-л.), быть на (чьей-л.) стороне (with) ~ разг. чванство, высокомерие;
to put on side важничать ~ attr. боковой ~ attr. побочный;
a side effect побочное действие (лекарства, лечения и т. п.) ;
to put on one side игнорировать ~ сторона;
бок;
край;
side by side рядом;
бок о бок from all sides, from every ~ со всех сторон, отовсюду;
side of the page поле страницы silver ~ лучшая часть ссека говядины supply ~ аспект предложения( в экономике) to get on the right ~ (of smb.) расположить (кого-л.) к себе;
to take sides стать на (чью-л.) сторону;
примкнуть к той или другой партии the weather is on the cool ~ погода довольно прохладная;
on the side попутно, между прочим;
дополнительно, в придачу

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > side
8 side

[saɪd]

to make a little money on the side подработать немного денег на стороне; to be on the heavy side быть перегруженным to be on the side of the angels придерживаться традиционных (ненаучных) взглядов debit side дебет счета debit side левая сторона баланса debit side левая сторона счета equity side графа акционерного капитала free over side франко-строп судна в порту разгрузки from all sides, from every side со всех сторон, отовсюду; side of the page поле страницы from all sides, from every side со всех сторон, отовсюду; side of the page поле страницы to get on the right side (of smb.) расположить (кого-л.) к себе; to take sides стать на (чью-л.) сторону; примкнуть к той или другой партии to make a little money on the side подработать немного денег на стороне; to be on the heavy side быть перегруженным noncomponent side вчт. монтажная сторона the weather is on the cool side погода довольно прохладная; on the side попутно, между прочим; дополнительно, в придачу opposite side противная сторона side attr. побочный; a side effect побочное действие (лекарства, лечения и т. п.); to put on one side игнорировать side разг. чванство, высокомерие; to put on side важничать side линия родства; relatives on the maternal side родственники по материнской линии the right (wrong) side of cloth правая (левая) сторона материи, лицо (изнанка) материи side половина тела, мясной туши side мор. борт side линия родства; relatives on the maternal side родственники по материнской линии side позиция, точка зрения, подход side склон (горы) side стенка side сторона (в процессе, споре и т. п.) side сторона; бок; край; side by side рядом; бок о бок side сторона; сторона по делу side сторона side примкнуть (к кому-л.), быть на (чьей-л.) стороне (with) side разг. чванство, высокомерие; to put on side важничать side attr. боковой side attr. побочный; a side effect побочное действие (лекарства, лечения и т. п.); to put on one side игнорировать side сторона; бок; край; side by side рядом; бок о бок from all sides, from every side со всех сторон, отовсюду; side of the page поле страницы silver side лучшая часть ссека говядины supply side аспект предложения (в экономике) to get on the right side (of smb.) расположить (кого-л.) к себе; to take sides стать на (чью-л.) сторону; примкнуть к той или другой партии the weather is on the cool side погода довольно прохладная; on the side попутно, между прочим; дополнительно, в придачу

English-Russian short dictionary > side
9 side

I
1. [saıd] n

I

1. 1) стенка, стена

the sides of a box [of a vessel] - стенки ящика [сосуда]

the sides of a house - (боковые) стены дома

2) мат. сторона ( фигуры)

a side opposite an angle - сторона, противолежащая углу

2. поверхность, сторона, одна из поверхностей (чего-л.)

the two sides of a coin [of a wall] - обе стороны монеты [стены]

the outer [the inner] side - наружная [внутренняя] сторона

to write [to print] on both sides of a sheet of paper - писать [печатать] на обеих сторонах листа (бумаги)

the right [the wrong /the seamy/] side of the cloth - правая /линевая/ [левая /изнаночная/] сторона ткани

the wrong side out - наизнанку

your socks are on wrong side out - вы надели носки наизнанку

3. борт (корабля, лодки)

port side - левый борт

lee [windward] side - подветренная [наветренная] сторона

4. склон

the sides of a mountain [of a hill] - склоны горы [холма]

5. берег

by the side of a river [of a lake] - у берега реки [озера]

6. поле, край ( страницы)

7. геол. сторона, крыло ( сброса)

8. горн. грудь ( забоя); стенка ( выработки)

II

1. часть, половина; сторона

one [the other] side of the room - одна [другая] половина /сторона/ комнаты

the left [the right] side of the road - левая [правая] сторона дороги

the shady [the sunny] side of the road - теневая [солнечная] сторона дороги

he crossed to the other side of the room - он пошёл в другой конец комнаты

2. часть, область, район

the fashionable side of the town - фешенебельный район города

the east [the north] side of the city - восточная [северная] часть города

3. край, бок

to sit at the sides - сидеть по бокам /по сторонам/

to sit on the side of the bed - сидеть на краю кровати

to sit at the opposite side of the table - сидеть у противоположной стороны стола

a stone at the side of the road - камень у края /у обочины/ дороги

4. 1) бок ( туловища)

he put his hands to his sides - он подбоченился

the panting sides of the horse - раздувающиеся бока лошади

to shake /to split/ one's sides with laughing - лопаться от смеха, смеяться до упаду

2) место рядом

at smb.'s side - рядом с кем-л.

by the side of smth., smb. - а) рядом с чем-л., кем-л., около чего-л., кого-л.; б) в сравнении с чем-л., кем-л.

he never left her side - он от неё не отходил

she looked small by the side of him - она казалась маленькой рядом /в сравнении/ с ним

to stand by smb.'s side - а) стоять рядом с кем-л.; б) поддерживать кого-л. (морально)

side by side - а) бок о бок; рядом; на одной линии (с кем-л.); б) в полном согласии, в единении (с кем-л.)

3) половина ( туши)

to cut the carcass into two sides - разрубить тушу на две части

4) бок, грудинка

a side of beef [of bacon] - говяжья [свиная] грудинка

a side of mutton - бараний бок, баранья грудинка

5. место, пункт

the blank side - слабое место

every man has his weak side - у каждого свои слабости

to appeal to the better side of smb.'s nature - взывать к лучшей стороне чье-л. души

III

1. 1) аспект, сторона, черта

to study a question [a problem] from all sides /from every side/ - изучить вопрос всесторонне /во всех аспектах/

a side of his character not generally known - черта /сторона/ его характера, мало кому известная

to look on the dark [bright] side of things [of life] - смотреть на вещи [на жизнь] мрачно [бодро]

on the one side - с одной стороны

on the other side - с другой стороны

on neither side - ни с какой стороны

on every side, on all sides - со всех сторон

he knows both sides of the question - он знает оба аспекта этого вопроса

2) сторона (в споре, рассуждении)

he was on his side very anxious to see Mrs. O. - он, со своей стороны, очень хотел увидеть г-жу О.

explain your side of the argument - а какова ваша мотивировка?

on all sides war is believed to be the curse of mankind - все считают войну бичом человечества

it takes both sides to tell the truth - чтобы узнать правду, надо выслушать обе стороны

2. 1) группа, сторона; партия

the sides in a battle - сражающиеся стороны

the winning [the losing] side - сторона, одерживающая победу [терпящая поражение]

to change sides - перейти из одной партии в другую, перейти /переметнуться/ на другую сторону

to take a side /sides/ with smb. - принимать чью-л. сторону, становиться на чью-л. сторону

don't take sides in lovers' quarrels - не ввязывайтесь в ссоры влюблённых

2) спорт. сторона; команда

no sides! - ничья!

our side won the baseball game - наша команда выиграла встречу по бейсболу

3. линия ( родства)

a cousin on the maternal /on mother's/ side - родственник по материнской линии /со стороны матери/

4. 1) отделение ( учебного заведения)

the Classical side - классическое отделение

2) группа студентов, находящихся на попечении какого-л. преподавателя ( в Кембриджском университете)

5. склонность, уклон ( в ту или иную сторону)

on the long side - длинноватый

on the heavy side - слишком тяжеловесный

to be on the sickly side - быть хилым

this side of smth. - почти, не доходя до чего-л.

I loved her this side of idolatry - моя любовь к ней доходила почти до преклонения

to err on the side of charity [optimism] - быть слишком снисходительным [оптимистичным]

6. театр. переписанная роль ( для одного актёра)

♢

to be on the right /on the sunny/ side of forty - быть моложе сорока лет

to be on the wrong /on the shady/ side of forty - быть старше сорока лет

to get on the right side of smb. - заслужить чью-л. благосклонность

to get out of the bed on the wrong side - ≅ встать с левой ноги

on the side - а) на гарнир, в виде гарнира; a steak with French fries on the side - бифштекс с гарниром из жареной картошки; б) попутно, дополнительно; to make a little money on the side - подработать на стороне; she tried to sell cosmetics on the side - она пыталась подзаработать продажей косметики; в) на стороне; he dates another girl on the side - на стороне он встречается ещё с одной девушкой; to put a question on one side - оставить вопрос в стороне, не обращать внимания на данный вопрос

2. [saıd] a

1. боковой

side entrance - боковой вход

side lane - боковая дорожка

side thrust - удар сбоку

side aisles in a theatre - боковые места в театре

side chain - хим. боковая цепь

side ladder - мор. боковой трап

side clearance - тех. боковой зазор; торцевой зазор

side dumping - тех. разгрузка в сторону

side elevation - тех. вид сбоку; продольный разрез

2. побочный, неглавный

side remark - случайно /вскользь/ брошенное замечание

side reaction - хим. побочная реакция

side effect - побочное действие, побочный эффект

side payment - побочный заработок

3. заказанный на гарнир

side order of French fries - заказанная на гарнир жареная картошка

3. [saıd] v

1. (with) вставать на (чью-л.) сторону; объединяться, группироваться, блокироваться (с кем-л.)

he sided with the natives - он встал на сторону местного населения

they sided with our enemies against us - они объединились с нашими врагами против нас

2. амер. приводить в порядок, убирать

to side the table [the dinner things] - убрать со стола [посуду]

3. редк. отложить, отодвинуть в сторону
II [saıd] n разг.
чванство, зазнайство

he has /puts on/ too much side - он слишком задаётся /заносится/

to put on side about one's birth [about one's wealth] - чваниться своим происхождением [своим богатством]

much too much side about the man - он слишком много о себе воображает

НБАРС > side
10 side

[saɪd] 1. сущ.
1)

а) сторона, одна из поверхностей (чего-л.)

the reverse side of a coin — решка

the wrong side of cloth — изнанка, левая сторона материи

This side up. — Верх. ( надпись на коробке)

б) сторона, часть (чего-л.)

left / right side — левая / правая сторона

left-hand / right-hand side of the brain — левое / правое полушарие мозга

We drive on the left-hand side of the road. — У нас левостороннее движение.

- near side

в) склон ( горы)

г) край

the side of a road — обочина ( дороги)

the side of a page — поле ( страницы)

д) берег

on the near / far side of the river — на этой / той стороне реки

That book was a best-seller on both sides of the Atlantic. — Эта книга была бестселлером по обе стороны Атлантики (как в Великобритании, так и в Америке).

2)

а) мат. сторона ( геометрической фигуры)

four sides of a square — четыре стороны квадрата

б) стена, стенка

the sides a box — стенки коробки

в) мор. борт ( судна)

3)

а) сторона (в судебном процессе, споре и т. п.)

on smb.'s side — на чьей-л. стороне

the losing side — проигравшая сторона

the winning side — выигравшая сторона

the wrong side — та сторона, которая не права

smb.'s side of the story — чья-л. версия событий

to hear both sides of the case — выслушать обе стороны

to take smb.'s side — примкнуть к кому-л. ( в споре), встать на чью-л. сторону

Which side are you on? — На чьей вы стороне?

We haven't heard Mike's side of the story yet. — Мы не слышали версии Майка.

б) спорт. команда ( как одна из сторон спортивного состязания)

There were eleven players on each side. — С каждой стороны было по одиннадцать игроков.

Syn:

team 1.

4) линия родства

relatives on the paternal side — родственники по линии отца

5) бок ( туловища)

I always sleep on my side. — Я всегда сплю на боку.

I've got a pain in my side. — У меня болит в боку.

I split my sides with laughter. — Я чуть не лопнул от смеха.

6) бок, половина мясной туши

a side of mutton — бараний бок

7) аспект, черта, сторона; признак

the seamy side of life — изнанка жизни

the better side of her nature — лучшая сторона её натуры

the financial side of the business — финансовая сторона предприятия

the funny side of the incident — смешная сторона инцидента

to study all sides of a problem — изучить проблему со всех сторон

to look on the bright side (of things) — смотреть на вещи оптимистически

There are two sides to every problem. — У каждой проблемы есть две стороны.

8) пространство вблизи (кого-л. / чего-л.)

The journalists stood by my side. — Журналисты стояли рядом со мной.

- side by side

9) разг. уклон (в какую-л. сторону)

on the heavy side — слишком тяжёлый

on the hard side — слишком жёсткий, твёрдый

The trousers are a bit on the small side. — Эти брюки маловаты.

These shoes are a little on the tight side. — Эти туфли немного жмут.

10) брит.; разг. чванство

to put on side — важничать

••

to put on / to one side — отложить в сторону, игнорировать

to get out of bed on the wrong side, to get up on the wrong side of the bed разг. — встать не с той ноги

- on all sides
- on every side
- from all sides
- from every side
- on the side
- this side of
- other side of the coin
- be at smb.'s side
- stay at smb.'s side
- be on the side of the angels
- be on the right side of
- be on the right side of the law
- be on the wrong side of
- be on the wrong side of the law
- get on the wrong side of smb.
- keep on the right side of smb.
- have smth. on one's side
- let the side down
- take smb. to one side 2. прил.
1) боковой

She slipped out of the theatre by a side door. — Она выскользнула из театра через боковую дверь.

Ant:

main

2) побочный, неглавный

a side effect — побочное действие (лекарства, лечения и т. п.)

side conversations — посторонние беседы (на лекции, собрании или совещании)

If you have a side conversation with a friend that lasts more than a few seconds, I will stop the lecture and say, "Do you have a question?" — Если во время лекции вы вдруг начнёте переговариваться с другом, и ваша беседа затянется больше чем на несколько секунд, я остановлюсь и спрошу: "Вам что-то непонятно?"
3. гл.
1)

а) ( side with) примкнуть к кому-л., быть на чьей-л. стороне, поддерживать (кого-л.)

Why do you always side with your mother? — Почему ты всегда берёшь сторону своей матери?

Syn:

support 2.

б) ( side against) быть против (кого-л.)

2) находиться рядом, соприкасаться (с чем-л.)

They might not be sided or jostled. — Их не нужно ставить рядом - они не должны толкаться.

3) убирать, очищать (от чего-л.)

to side the dishes — убирать (со стола) тарелки

4) выравнивать, обтёсывать (что-л.)

Syn:

square 4.

Англо-русский современный словарь > side
11 side

1. n

1) стіна, стінка

2) бік, сторона

3) поверхня

the inner side — внутрішня поверхня

the wrong side out — навиворіт

4) борт (корабля)

port side — лівий борт

5) схил

6) берег

7) поле, край (сторінки)

8) заст. сторінка

9) частина, половина

the other side of the room — друга половина кімнати

10) область, район

the fashionable side of the town — фешенебельний район міста

11) край

to sit on the side of the bed — сидіти на краю ліжка

12) грудинка

13) місце, пункт

the blank side — слабке місце

14) аспект; риса; бік

to study a problem from all sides — вивчити проблему всебічно (у всіх аспектах)

on the one side — з одного боку

on the other side — з іншого боку

15) ставлення, позиція

16) група, партія, сторона

to change side — перейти з однієї партії в іншу

17) лінія (спорідненості)

a cousin on mother's side — кузен з материнської лінії

18) відділення (навчального закладу)

19) група студентів під наглядом певного викладача

20) пиха; зазнайство

no side! — спорт. нічия!

to be on the right (on the sunny) side of fifty — бути молодшим п'ятдесяти років

to be on the shady (on the wrong) side of fifty — бути старшим п'ятдесяти років

to be on the heavy side — бути перевантаженим

to be on the sickly side — бути хворобливим

to be on the side of the angels — дотримуватися загальноприйнятих поглядів

to be born on the wrong side of the blanket — бути незаконнонародженим

to get on the right side of smb. — заслужити чиюсь прихильність

to get out of the bed on the wrong side — устати з лівої ноги

to know on which side one's bread is buttered — розуміти свою вигоду

on the side — попутно, між іншим; додатково

to make a little money on the side — підробити на стороні

2. adj

1) довгий

2) пихатий

side chain — хім. бічний ланцюг

side clearance — тех. боковий зазор

side dumping — тех. розвантаження убік

side elevation — тех. поздовжній розріз; вид збоку

side face-off mark — позначка місця вкидання шайби (хокей)

side ladder — мор. боковий трап

side lamp — бокова фара, підфарник

side play — люфт, бокове хитання

side reaction — хім. побічна реакція

3. v

1) ставати на чийсь бік; об'єднуватися, блокуватися, групуватися (з кимсь — with)

2) іти (стояти) поруч; бути пліч-о-пліч (з кимсь)

3) перен. бути рівним

4) розм. наводити порядок, прибирати

5) рухатися, звертати убік

6) відкласти (відсунути) убік

7) розрубати (розрізати) тушу навпіл

* * *
I [said] n
1) стінка, стіна; мaт. сторона ( фігури)

2) поверхня, сторона, одна з поверхонь ( чого-небудь)

3) борт (корабля, човна)

port side — лівий борт

4) схил

5) берег

6) поле, край ( сторінки)

7) гeoл. сторона, крило ( скиду)

8) гipн. груди ( вибою); стінка ( виробки)

9) частина, половина; сторона

10) частина, область, район

11) край, бік

12) бік ( тулуба); місце поруч

at smb 's side — поруч з ким-небудь

by the side of smth; smb — поруч з чим-небудь, ким-небудь, біля чого-небудь, кого-небудь; у порівнянні з чим-небудь, ким-небудь

side by side — пліч-о-пліч; поруч; у повній злагоді, у єднанні ( з ким-небудь); половина ( туші); бік, грудинка

13) місце, пункт

the blank side — слабке місце

14) аспект, сторона; риса; сторона ( у суперечці)

15) група, сторона; партія; cпopт. сторона; команда

no sides! — нічия!

16) відділення ( навчального закладу); група студентів, які знаходяться під опікою якого-небудь викладача ( у Кембриджському університеті)

17) схильність, ухил ( в ту чи іншу сторону)

this side of smth — майже, не досягаючи чого-небудь

18) театр. переписана роль ( для одного актора)
II [said] a
1) бічний

side thrust — удар збоку

side aisles in a theatre — бічні місця в театрі

side elevation — тex. вид збоку; поздовжній розріз

2) побічний, неголовний

3) замовлений на гарнір
III [said] v
1) ( with) ставати на ( чий-небудь) бік; об`єднуватися, групуватися, блокуватися ( з ким-небудь)

2) cл. давати лад, наводити порядок, прибирати

3) відкласти, відсунути убік
IV [said] n
чванство, зазнайство

English-Ukrainian dictionary > side
12 side

1. noun

1) сторона; бок; край; side by side рядом; бок о бок; from all sides, from every side со всех сторон, отовсюду; side of the page поле страницы; the right (wrong) side of cloth правая (левая) сторона материи, лицо (изнанка) материи

2) позиция, точка зрения, подход

3) склон (горы)

4) половина тела, мясной туши и т. п.

5) стенка

6) сторона (в процессе, споре и т. п.)

7) линия родства; relatives on the maternal side родственники по материнской линии

8) naut. борт

9) collocation чванство, высокомерие; to put on side важничать

10) (attr.) боковой

11) (attr.) побочный; a side effect побочное действие (лекарства, лечения и т. п.)

to put on one side игнорировать

to get on the right side of smb. расположить кого-л. к себе

to take sides стать на чью-л. сторону; примкнуть к той или другой партии

the weather is on the cool side погода довольно прохладная

on the side попутно, между прочим; дополнительно, в придачу

to make a little money on the side подработать немного денег на стороне

to be on the heavy side быть перегруженным

to be on the side of the angels придерживаться традиционных (ненаучных) взглядов

2. verb

примкнуть к кому-л., быть на чьей-л. стороне (with)

* * *

(n) сторона

* * *

сторона

* * *
[ saɪd] n. стенка, стена, сторона; поверхность; борт; склон, склон горы; край; аспект, черта; точка зрения, позиция; подход; линия v. быть на чьей-л. стороне, стать на чью-л. сторону, примкнуть к adj. боковой, побочный
* * *

аспект

бок

борт

край

позиция

сторона

* * *
1. сущ. 1) а) сторона б) склон (горы) 2) позиция, точка зрения, подход 3) а) стена б) мор. борт (судна) 4) а) сторона (в процессе, споре и т. п.) б) команда 5) линия родства 2. прил. 1) боковой 2) побочный 3. гл. 1) примкнуть к кому-л., быть на чьей-л. стороне (with), поддерживать (кого-л.) 2) находиться рядом, соприкасаться (с чем-л.)

Новый англо-русский словарь > side
13 side

1) сторона; боковая поверхность

2) стен(к)а

3) горн. стенка выработки

4) берег

5) ветвь (напр. цепи, приводного ремня)

6) борт (напр. грузового автомобиля)

7) связь боковой ввод

8) полюс ( источника питания)

9) плечо ( триггера)

10) сторонка ( переплётной крышки)

11) край ( страницы)

12) говяжья полутуша; свиная половинка

•

side about the right angle of a triangle — катет прямоугольного треугольника;

sides containing the right angle of a triangle — катеты прямоугольного треугольника

-
air side
-
aircraft side
-
airport land side
-
answering side
-
body rigid side
-
calling side
-
car side
-
chain loose side
-
chain taut side
-
charging side
-
coke-discharge side
-
component side
-
concentrating side
-
condensing side
-
coolant side
-
delivery side
-
discharge side
-
double-wall body side
-
down-leg side
-
downstream side
-
embedded coil side
-
emulsion side
-
entering side
-
evaporator side
-
exhaust side
-
exit side
-
face side
-
feeder side
-
gage side
-
goaf side
-
heavy side
-
high side
-
high-pressure side
-
high-tension side
-
high-voltage side
-
hot side
-
inlet side
-
leading side of meshing
-
leakage oil side
-
leeward side
-
lee side
-
left-hand side
-
left side
-
light side
-
lock side
-
low side
-
low-pressure side
-
low-tension side
-
medium-tension side
-
negative side
-
odd side
-
operator side
-
other side
-
outlet side
-
penetration side
-
pilaster side
-
port side
-
positive side
-
pressure side
-
pull side
-
receiving side
-
refrigerant side
-
rim weather side
-
roll-change side
-
scrap-charging side
-
shell side
-
side of angle
-
side of brick
-
side of equation
-
side of inequality
-
side of polygon
-
sides of canal
-
slack side
-
slag-off side
-
starboard side
-
suction side
-
supply side
-
tapping side
-
trailing side of meshing
-
transmitting side
-
upstream side
-
way side
-
welding side
-
windward side
-
wire side

Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > side
14 run

1. present participle - running; verb
1) ((of a person or animal) to move quickly, faster than walking: He ran down the road.) correr

2) (to move smoothly: Trains run on rails.) circular; moverse

3) ((of water etc) to flow: Rivers run to the sea; The tap is running.) correr

4) ((of a machine etc) to work or operate: The engine is running; He ran the motor to see if it was working.) funcionar, estar en marcha

5) (to organize or manage: He runs the business very efficiently.) dirigir

6) (to race: Is your horse running this afternoon?) correr

7) ((of buses, trains etc) to travel regularly: The buses run every half hour; The train is running late.) circular

8) (to last or continue; to go on: The play ran for six weeks.) estar/permanecer en cartel; seguir vigente (un contrato); durar

9) (to own and use, especially of cars: He runs a Rolls Royce.) tener; conducir

10) ((of colour) to spread: When I washed my new dress the colour ran.) desteñir, correrse

11) (to drive (someone); to give (someone) a lift: He ran me to the station.) llevar

12) (to move (something): She ran her fingers through his hair; He ran his eyes over the letter.) pasar

13) ((in certain phrases) to be or become: The river ran dry; My blood ran cold (= I was afraid).) estar; volverse

2. noun
1) (the act of running: He went for a run before breakfast.) carrera

2) (a trip or drive: We went for a run in the country.) viaje; excursión; paseo, vuelta

3) (a length of time (for which something continues): He's had a run of bad luck.) racha, período, etapa

4) (a ladder (in a stocking etc): I've got a run in my tights.) carrera

5) (the free use (of a place): He gave me the run of his house.) (libre) uso

6) (in cricket, a batsman's act of running from one end of the wicket to the other, representing a single score: He scored/made 50 runs for his team.) carrera

7) (an enclosure or pen: a chicken-run.) terreno de pasto; corral, gallinero

•

- runner
- running
3. adverb
(one after another; continuously: We travelled for four days running.) seguido, consecutivo

- runny
- runaway
- rundown
- runner-up
- runway
- in
- out of the running
- on the run
- run across
- run after
- run aground
- run along
- run away
- run down
- run for
- run for it
- run in
- run into
- run its course
- run off
- run out
- run over
- run a temperature
- run through
- run to
- run up
- run wild

run¹ n carrera

I went for a run in the park fui a correr al parque

to be on the run haberse fugado de la justicia

run² vb

1. correr

he can run very fast corre muy rápido

I ran down the stairs bajé las escaleras corriendo

2. correr / ir por / discurrir

the path runs along the coast el sendero discurre junto a la costa

trains run on rails los trenes se mueven sobre raíles

3. correr

tears ran down her cheeks le corrían las lágrimas por las mejillas

he left the tap running dejó el grifo abierto

4. circular

this bus doesn't run on Sundays este autobús no circula los domingos

trains are running late los trenes circulan con retraso

5. funcionar

I can't hear if the engine is running no oigo si funciona el motor

6. llevar / dirigir

my father runs his own business mi padre dirige su propio negocio

El pasado de run es ran y el participio pasado es run; el gerundio se escribe running

run

tr[rʌn]

noun

1 carrera

2 (trip) viaje nombre masculino; (for pleasure) paseo

■ we went for a run in the car dimos una vuelta en el coche

3 (sequence) racha

■ I've had a run of bad luck he tenido una racha de mala suerte

4 (ski run) pista

5 (in stocking) carrera

6 (demand) gran demanda

■ there's been a run on olive oil ha habido una gran demanda de aceite de oliva

■ there was a run on the lira la lira sufrió una gran presión

7 SMALLTHEATRE/SMALL permanencia en cartel

■ the play closed after an eight-month run la obra dejó de representarse después de ocho meses en cartelera

8 (in cricket) carrera

■ he scored 50 runs marcó 50 carreras

9 (in printing) tirada

10 (at cards) escalera

intransitive verb (pt ran tr[ræn], pp run tr[rʌn], ger running)

1 (gen) correr

■ run faster! ¡corre más deprisa!

■ I ran up the hill subí corriendo la colina

2 (flow) correr

■ a stream runs through the garden corre un arroyo por el jardín

■ blood ran down his leg la sangre le corría por la pierna

■ don't leave the tap running no dejes el grifo abierto

■ your nose is running tienes mocos

3 (operate) funcionar

■ it runs on petrol funciona con gasolina

■ the engine's running el motor está en marcha

4 (trains, buses) circular

■ this train doesn't run on Sundays este tren no circula los domingos

■ buses run every half hour hay un autobús cada media hora

■ the buses are running late los autobuses llevan retraso

5 (in election) presentarse

■ the general has decided not to run for president el general ha decidido no presentarse como candidato para la presidencia

6 (play) estar en cartel; (contract etc) seguir vigente

■ this play ran for four years on Broadway esta obra estuvo en cartel durante cuatro años en Broadway

■ my contract runs until October mi contrato sigue vigente hasta octubre

7 (colour) correrse

■ I washed it and the colours ran lo lavé y se destiñó, lo lavé y los colores se corrieron

transitive verb

1 (gen) correr

■ I ran more than a mile corrí más de una milla

2 (race) correr en, participar en

■ she ran the 100 metres hurdles corrió en la carrera de los cien metros vallas

3 (take by car) llevar, acompañar

■ could you run me to school? ¿me podrías acompañar al colegio en coche?

4 (manage) llevar, dirigir, regentar

■ she runs a café near the cinema lleva una cafetería cerca del cine

5 (organize) organizar, montar

■ we're running a competition organizamos una competición

6 (operate) hacer funcionar

7 (pass, submit to) pasar

■ he ran his fingers through her hair pasó sus dedos por su cabello

■ I ran my eye over the names eché un vistazo a los nombres

■ have you run this data through the computer? ¿has pasado estos datos por el ordenador?

■ we'll run a check on it lo comprobaremos

■ they ran several tests on me me sometieron a varias pruebas

8 (publish) publicar

■ they ran a series of articles on wine publicaron una serie de artículos sobre el vino

9 (water) dejar correr

■ run the tap until the water gets hot deja correr al agua hasta que salga caliente

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

in the long run a la larga

to be on the run haber fugado, haber huido

to break into a run echarse a correr

to go for a run ir a correr

to have the run of something tener algo a su entera disposición

to run in the family venir de familia

to run short of something ir mal de algo

■ we're running short of money se nos está acabando el dinero

a run for one's money

■ he's had a good run for his money no le ha ido mal, no se puede quejar

■ she won the match, but I gave her a run for her money ella ganó el partido, pero la hice trabajar

run ['rʌn] v, ran ['ræn] ; run ; running vi

1) : correr

she ran to catch the bus: corrió para alcanzar el autobús

run and fetch the doctor: corre a buscar al médico

2) : circular, correr

the train runs between Detroit and Chicago: el tren circula entre Detroit y Chicago

to run on time: ser puntual

3) function: funcionar, ir

the engine runs on gasoline: el motor funciona con gasolina

to run smoothly: ir bien

4) flow: correr, ir

5) last: durar

the movie runs for two hours: la película dura dos horas

the contract runs for three years: el contrato es válido por tres años

6) : desteñir, despintar (dícese de los colores)

7) extend: correr, extenderse

8)

to run for office : postularse, presentarse

run vt

1) : correr

to run 10 miles: correr 10 millas

to run errands: hacer los mandados

to run out of town: hacer salir del pueblo

2) pass: pasar

3) drive: llevar en coche

4) operate: hacer funcionar (un motor, etc.)

5) : echar

to run water: echar agua

6) manage: dirigir, llevar (un negocio, etc.)

7) extend: tender (un cable, etc.)

8)

to run a risk : correr un riesgo

run n

1) : carrera f

at a run: a la carrera, corriendo

to go for a run: ir a correr

2) trip: vuelta f, paseo m (en coche), viaje m (en avión)

3) series: serie f

a run of disappointments: una serie de desilusiones

in the long run: a la larga

in the short run: a corto plazo

4) demand: gran demanda f

a run on the banks: una corrida bancaria

5) (used for theatrical productions and films)

to have a long run: mantenerse mucho tiempo en la cartelera

6) type: tipo m

the average run of students: el tipo más común de estudiante

7) : carrera f (en béisbol)

8) : carrera f (en una media)

9)

to have the run of : tener libre acceso de (una casa, etc.)

10)

ski run : pista f (de esquí)

run (Slope)

n.

• corrimiento s.m.

p.p.

(Participio pasivo de "to run") (a program)

v.

• ejecutar (un programa) v. (As a machine)

v.

(§ p.,p.p.: ran, run) = andar v.

(§pret: anduv-)

• marchar v. (In an election, US)

v.

• presentarse (E lección) (•Gobierno•) v.

v.

(§ p.,p.p.: ran, run) = acorrer v.

• correr v.

• dirigir v.

• explotar v.

• funcionar v.

• gobernar v.

I
1. rʌn
1) (pres p running; past ran; past p run) intransitive verb

Sense I

2) correr

I had to run for the train — tuve que correr para no perder el tren

he ran downstairs/indoors — bajó/entró corriendo

run for your lives! — sálvese quien pueda!

3) (colloq) ( drive) ir* ( en coche)

I run down/over/up to Birmingham most weekends — la mayoría de los fines de semana voy a Birmingham

4)

a) (go)

the truck ran into the ditch/over the cliff — el camión cayó en la cuneta/se despeñó por el acantilado

the wagons run on tracks — los vagones corren sobre rieles

b) ( Transp)

the trains run every half hour — hay trenes cada media hora

this service runs only on Saturdays — este servicio funciona solamente los sábados

5)

a) ( flow) \<\<water/oil\>\> correr; ( drip) gotear

the water ran hot/cold — empezó a salir agua caliente/fría

the river runs through the town/into the sea — el río pasa por la ciudad/desemboca en el mar

she left the water/faucet (AmE) o (BrE) tap running — dejó la llave abierta (AmL) or (Esp) el grifo abierto or (RPl) la canilla abierta or (Per) el caño abierto

my nose is running — me gotea la nariz

b) ( pass) pasar

the rope runs over this pulley — la cuerda pasa por esta polea

6) ( travel)

our thoughts were running along o on the same lines — nuestros pensamientos iban por el mismo camino

a shiver ran down my spine — me dio un escalofrío

7) ( Pol) \<\<candidate\>\> presentarse, postularse (AmL)

he is running for Governor again — se va a volver a presentar or (AmL tb) a postular como candidato a Gobernador

she'll be running against two other candidates — se enfrentará a otros dos candidatos

Sense II

8) (operate, function)

with the engine running — con el motor encendido or en marcha or (AmL tb) prendido

it runs off batteries/on gas — funciona con pilas or a pila(s)/a gas

the talks have been running smoothly — las conversaciones han marchado sobre ruedas

the work is running six months behind schedule — el trabajo lleva seis meses de retraso

Sense III

9) ( extend)

a) ( in space)

the streets run parallel to each other — las calles corren paralelas

the path runs across the field/around the lake — el sendero atraviesa el campo/bordea el lago

this idea runs through the whole book — esta idea se repite or está presente a lo largo del libro

b) ( in time)

the film runs for 95 minutes — la película dura 95 minutos

the show will run for 10 weeks — el espectáculo estará en cartel 10 semanas

the contract runs for a year — el contrato es válido por un año or vence al cabo de un año

10)

a) (be, stand)

feelings are running high — los ánimos están caldeados

inflation is running at 4% — la tasa de inflación es del 4%

it runs in the family — es de familia, le (or me etc) viene de familia; water I 3) a)

b) ( become)

stocks are running low — se están agotando las existencias; see also dry I 1) c), short II 2)

to run to something: to run to fat — echar carnes (fam); see also seed I 1) b)

11) (of stories, sequences) decir*

how did that line run? — ¿cómo decía or era esa línea?

the argument runs as follows — el argumento es el siguiente

12) (melt, merge) \<\<butter/cheese/icing\>\> derretirse*; \<\<paint/makeup\>\> correrse; \<\<color\>\> desteñir*, despintarse (Méx)

13) \<\<stockings\>\> hacerse* carreras, correrse (AmL)

2.

1) vt

Sense I

2)

a) \<\<race/marathon\>\> correr, tomar parte en

b) ( chase)

the Green candidate ran them a close third — el candidato de los verdes quedó en tercer lugar a muy poca distancia de ellos

they were run out of town — los hicieron salir del pueblo, los corrieron del pueblo (AmL fam)

3)

a) (push, move) pasar

he ran his fingers through his beard — se mesaba la barba

she ran her finger down the list — recorrió la lista con el dedo

run a comb through your hair — pásate un peine (por el pelo)

b) ( drive) \<\<person\>\> (colloq) llevar ( en coche)

he ran the truck into the ditch — se metió con el camión en la cuneta

4) ( cause to flow)

to run a bath — preparar un baño

to run something under the tap — (BrE) hacer* correr agua sobre algo

5)

a) ( extend) \<\<cable/wire\>\> tender*

b) ( pass) (hacer*) pasar

6)

a) ( smuggle) \<\<guns\>\> contrabandear, pasar (de contrabando)

b) ( get past) \<\<blockade\>\> burlar

to run a (red) light — (AmE) saltarse un semáforo (en rojo), pasarse un alto (Méx)

Sense II

7) ( operate) \<\<engine\>\> hacer* funcionar; \<\<program\>\> ( Comput) pasar, ejecutar

8) ( manage) \<\<business/organization/department\>\> dirigir*, llevar

the state-run television network — la cadena de televisión estatal or del Estado

who's running this business? — ¿aquí quién es el que manda?

he runs the financial side of the business — se encarga or se ocupa del aspecto financiero del negocio

9)

a) ( Transp) \<\<flight\>\> tener*

we run regular buses to the airport — tenemos un servicio regular de autobuses al aeropuerto

they run extra trains on Saturdays — los sábados ponen más trenes

b) ( maintain) tener*

she runs her own car — ella tiene su propio coche

I can't afford to run a car — no puedo mantener un coche

it's very cheap to run — es muy económico

10) \<\<tests\>\> realizar*, llevar a cabo; \<\<classes/concerts\>\> organizar*; \<\<newspaper\>\> \<\<article\>\> publicar*; fever 1) a), risk I a), temperature b)

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- run about

- run across

- run after

- run along

- run around

- run at

- run away

- run away with

- run down

- run in

- run into

- run off

- run off with

- run on

- run out

- run out on

- run over

- run through

- run to

- run up

- run up against

II

noun

1) ( on foot)

she goes for a short run every day — todos los días sale a correr un poco

he does everything at a run — todo lo hace (deprisa y) corriendo or a la(s) carrera(s)

to break into a run — echar a correr

on the run: the children keep her on the run all day los niños la tienen todo el día en danza; after seven years on the run (from the law) después de estar siete años huyendo de la justicia; to give somebody a (good) run for her/his money hacerle* sudar tinta a algn; to have a good run for one's money: he was champion for six years, he had a good run for his money fue campeón durante seis años, no se puede quejar; to have the run of something tener* libre acceso a algo, tener* algo a su (or mi etc) entera disposición; to make a run for it — escaparse

2)

a) (trip, outing) vuelta f, paseo m ( en coche)

b) ( journey)

the outward run — el trayecto or viaje de ida

it's only a short/10-mile run — está muy cerca/sólo a 10 millas

3)

a) ( sequence)

a run of good/bad luck — una racha de buena/mala suerte, una buena/mala racha

b) ( period of time)

in the long run — a la larga

in the short run — a corto plazo

4) ( tendency) corriente f

in the normal run of events — normalmente, en el curso normal de los acontecimientos

5) ( heavy demand)

run ON something: there's been a run on these watches estos relojes han estado muy solicitados or han tenido mucha demanda; a run on sterling una fuerte presión sobre la libra; a run on the banks — una corrida bancaria, un pánico bancario

6) (Cin, Theat) temporada f

7) ( Publ) ( print run) tirada f

8)

a) ( track) pista f

ski run — pista de esquí

b) ( for animals) corral m

9) (in stocking, knitted garment) carrera f

10) (in baseball, cricket) carrera f

11) the runs pl ( diarrhea) (colloq) diarrea f, churrias fpl (Col fam)

[rʌn] (vb: pt ran) (pp run)
1. N

1) (=act of running) carrera f

• at a run — corriendo, a la carrera

to go at a steady run — correr a un paso regular

• to break into a run — echar a correr, empezar a correr

• to go for/ have a run before breakfast — (salir a) correr antes del desayuno

• to make a run for it — (=escape) darse a al fuga, huir; (=move quickly) echarse a correr

we shall have to make a run for it — tendremos que correr

• to be on the run — (from police) estar huido de la justicia, ser fugitivo

a prisoner on the run — un preso fugado

he's on the run from prison — (se) escapó or se fugó de la cárcel

he's on the run from his creditors — se está escapando de sus acreedores

to keep sb on the run — mantener a algn en constante actividad

we've got them on the run — (Mil etc) los hemos puesto en fuga; (fig) están casi vencidos

- give sb a run for their money

he's had a good run (for his money) * — (on sb's death) ha tenido una vida larga y bien aprovechada

2) (=outing in car etc) vuelta f, paseo m, excursión f

let's go for a run down to the coast — vamos a dar una vuelta por la costa

3) (=journey) viaje m; (Aer, Rail etc) (=route) ruta f, línea f

it's a short run in the car — es un breve viaje en coche

it's a 30-minute run by bus — en autobús se tarda 30 minutos

the Calais run — la ruta de Calais

the Plymouth-Santander run — la línea Plymouth-Santander, el servicio de Plymouth a Santander

the boat no longer does that run — el barco ya no hace esa ruta

4) (=sequence) serie f

• in the long run — a la larga

• a run of luck — una racha de suerte

a run of bad luck — una racha or temporada de mala suerte

• in the short run — a plazo corto

• a run of five wins — una racha de cinco victorias

5) (Theat, TV) temporada f

the play had a long run — la obra se mantuvo mucho tiempo en cartelera

when the London run was over — al terminarse la serie de representaciones en Londres

6) (=generality)

• the common run — lo común y corriente

• it stands out from the general run of books — destaca de la generalidad de los libros

7) (=trend)

• the run of the market — la tendencia del mercado

• they scored against the run of play — marcaron un gol cuando menos se podía esperar

8) (Comm, Econ) (=increased demand) gran demanda f

there was a run on sugar — el azúcar tenía mucha demanda

• a run on the banks — una gran demanda de fondos en los bancos

• a run on sterling — una gran demanda de libras esterlinas

9) (for animals) corral m

• ski run — pista f de esquí

10) (Cards) escalera f

11) (Cricket, Baseball) carrera f

to make or score a run — hacer or anotar(se) una carrera

See:

see cultural note CRICKET in cricket

12) (Publishing)

a run of 5,000 copies — una tirada de 5.000 ejemplares

13) (in tights) carrera f

14) (Mus) carrerilla f

15) (Aer etc) (=raid) ataque m

a bombing run — un bombardeo

16) (US) (Pol) (=bid for leadership) carrera f, campaña f

17) (=access, use)

• they gave us the run of their garden — nos dejaron usar su jardín

• to have the run of sb's house — tener el libre uso de la casa de algn

18)

to have the runs * — andar muy suelto *, tener cagalera **

2. VT

1) (gen) correr

she ran 20km — corrió 20km

to run the 100 metres — participar en or correr los 100 metros lisos

• let things run their course — (fig) deja que las cosas sigan su curso

• to run errands — hacer recados

• to run a horse — correr un caballo

• to run a race — participar en una carrera

the race is run over four km — la carrera se hace sobre una distancia de cuatro km

you ran a good race — corriste muy bien

- run sb close

- run it close or fine

- be run off one's feet
mile
2) (=take, drive)

• to run a boat ashore — varar una embarcación

• this will run you into debt — esto te endeudará

• I'll run you home — te llevo a casa

• to run a car into a lamppost — estrellar un coche contra un farol

• to run sb into town — llevar a algn (en coche) a la ciudad

the sheriff ran him out of town — el sheriff lo echó del pueblo

3) (=put, move)

• to run a comb through one's hair — peinarse rápidamente

• to run one's eye over a letter — echar un vistazo a una carta

• to run a fence round a field — poner una valla alrededor de un campo

• to run one's fingers through sb's hair — pasar los dedos por el pelo de algn

• let me run this idea past you — (US) a ver qué piensas de esta idea

• to run a pipe through a wall — pasar un tubo por una pared

• to run water into a bath — hacer correr agua en un baño, llenar un baño de agua

• to run one's words together — comerse las palabras, hablar atropelladamente

4) (=organize etc) [+ business, hotel etc] dirigir, llevar; [+ country] gobernar; [+ campaign, competition] organizar

she's the one who really runs everything — la que en realidad lo dirige todo es ella

• the school runs courses for foreign students — la escuela organiza cursos para estudiantes extranjeros

• to run the house for sb — llevar la casa a algn

a house which is easy to run — una casa de fácil manejo

• he wants to run my life — quiere organizarme la vida

• they ran a series of tests on the product — llevaron a cabo or efectuaron una serie de pruebas con el producto

5) (esp Brit) (=operate, use) [+ car] tener; [+ machine] hacer funcionar, hacer andar; [+ train] poner; (Comput) [+ programme] ejecutar

• to run a new bus service — poner en funcionamiento un nuevo servicio de autobuses

• we don't run a car — no tenemos coche

he runs two cars — tiene dos coches

the car is very cheap to run — el coche gasta muy poco or tiene muy pocos gastos de mantenimiento

• you can run this machine on gas — puedes hacer funcionar esta máquina a gas

• you can run it on or off the mains — funciona con corriente de la red

• they ran an extra train — pusieron un tren suplementario

6) (=enter in contest)

the liberals are not running anybody this time — esta vez los liberales no tienen candidato

• to run a candidate — presentar (un) candidato

• to run a horse — correr un caballo

7) (=publish) [+ report, story] publicar, imprimir

8) (=smuggle) [+ guns, whisky] pasar de contrabando

9) (=not stop for)

• to run a blockade — saltarse un bloqueo, burlar un bloqueo

• to run a stoplight — (US) saltarse un semáforo en rojo
gauntlet, risk, temperature
3. VI

1) (gen) correr; (in race) competir, correr, tomar parte; (=flee) huir

• to run across the road — cruzar la calle corriendo

• to run down the garden — correr por el jardín

• to run downstairs — bajar la escalera corriendo

• to run for a bus — correr tras el autobús

we shall have to run for it — (=move quickly) tendremos que correr; (=escape) habrá que darse a la fuga

to run for all one is worth, run like the devil — correr a todo correr

run for your lives! — ¡sálvese el que pueda!

• to run to help sb — correr al auxilio de algn

to run to meet sb — correr al encuentro de algn

• he ran up to me — se me acercó corriendo

he ran up the stairs — subió la escalera corriendo

- he's trying to run before he can walk

2) (of bus service etc)

the train runs between Glasgow and Edinburgh — el tren circula entre Glasgow y Edimburgo

the bus runs every 20 minutes — hay un autobús cada 20 minutos

there are no trains running to Toboso — no hay servicio de trenes a Toboso

steamers run daily between the two ports — hay servicio diario de vapores entre los dos puertos

that train does not run on Sundays — ese tren no circula los domingos

3) (Naut)

• to run aground — encallar

• to run before the wind — navegar con viento a popa

4) (=function) funcionar

• the car is not running well — el coche no funciona bien

• you mustn't leave the engine running — no se debe dejar el motor en marcha

• the lift isn't running — el ascensor no funciona

• it runs off the mains — funciona con corriente de la red

• it runs on petrol — funciona con gasolina, tiene motor de gasolina

• things did not run smoothly for them — (fig) las cosas no les fueron bien

5) (=extend)

a) (in time)

• the contract has two years left to run — al contrato le quedan dos años de duración

the contract ran for seven years — el contrato duró siete años

• it runs in the family — [characteristic] viene de familia; [disease] es algo genético

• the play ran for two years — la obra estuvo dos años en cartelera

the play ran for 200 performances — la obra tuvo 200 representaciones seguidas

• the programme ran for an extra ten minutes — el programa se prolongó diez minutos, el programa duró diez minutos de más

• the sentences will run concurrently — las condenas se cumplirán al mismo tiempo

• it runs through the whole history of art — afecta toda la historia del arte, se observa en toda la historia del arte

b) (in space)

• he has a scar running across his chest — tiene una cicatriz que le atraviesa el pecho

• the road runs along the river — la carretera va a lo largo del río

a fence runs along that side — hay una cerca por ese lado

• the road runs by our house — la carretera pasa delante de nuestra casa

• the path runs from our house to the station — el sendero va de nuestra casa a la estación

• this street runs into the square — esta calle desemboca en la plaza

• a balcony runs round the hall — una galería se extiende a lo largo del perímetro de la sala

the city has walls running right round it — la ciudad está completamente rodeada por una muralla

• the ivy runs up the wall — la hiedra trepa por la pared

6) (=flow) correr; (Med) [sore] supurar

• your bath is running — tienes el baño llenándose

• blood ran from the wound — la sangre manaba de la herida, la herida manaba sangre

• to run dry — [river, well] secarse; [resources] agotarse

• the milk ran all over the floor — la leche se derramó por todo el suelo

• money simply runs through his fingers — es un manirroto

• his nose was running — le moqueaba la nariz

• my pen runs — mi pluma gotea

• the river runs for 300 miles — el río corre 300 millas

the river runs into the sea — el río desemboca en el mar

• you left the tap running — dejaste abierto el grifo or (LAm) abierta la llave

• the tears ran down her cheeks — las lágrimas le corrían por las mejillas

• when the tide is running strongly — cuando sube la marea rápidamente

• the streets were running with water — el agua corría por las calles

we were running with sweat — chorreábamos (de) sudor

7) [colour] correrse, desteñirse

the colours have run — los colores se han corrido or desteñido

colours that will not run — colores que no (se) destiñen or que no se corren

8) (=melt) derretirse

my ice cream is running — mi helado se está derritiendo

9) (=go)

a rumour ran through the town — corrió la voz por la ciudad

a ripple of excitement ran through the crowd — una ola de entusiasmo hizo vibrar or estremeció a la multitud

that tune keeps running through my head — esa melodía la tengo metida en la cabeza

the thought ran through my head that... — se me ocurrió pensar que...
seed 1., 1), wild 2., 2)
10) (=be)

• the train is running late — el tren lleva retraso

I'm running a bit late — se me está haciendo un poco tarde

• the service usually runs on time — el servicio generalmente es puntual
high 2., low I, 1., 4)
11) (Pol) (=stand for election) presentarse como candidato(-a)

are you running? — ¿vas a presentar tu candidatura?

• to run against sb — medirse con algn, enfrentarse a algn

• to run for office — presentarse como candidato a un cargo

12) (=say)

so the story runs — así dice el cuento

the text runs like this — el texto dice así, el texto reza así

13) [stocking] hacerse una carrera

14) (Comput) ejecutarse

4.

CPD

run time N — tiempo m de ejecución

- run about

- run across

- run after

- run along

- run around

- run at

- run away

- run away with

- run back

- run down

- run in

- run into

- run off

- run off with

- run on

- run out

- run out of

- run out on

- run over

- run through

- run to

- run up

- run up against

* * *

I
1. [rʌn]
1) (pres p running; past ran; past p run) intransitive verb

Sense I

2) correr

I had to run for the train — tuve que correr para no perder el tren

he ran downstairs/indoors — bajó/entró corriendo

run for your lives! — sálvese quien pueda!

3) (colloq) ( drive) ir* ( en coche)

I run down/over/up to Birmingham most weekends — la mayoría de los fines de semana voy a Birmingham

4)

a) (go)

the truck ran into the ditch/over the cliff — el camión cayó en la cuneta/se despeñó por el acantilado

the wagons run on tracks — los vagones corren sobre rieles

b) ( Transp)

the trains run every half hour — hay trenes cada media hora

this service runs only on Saturdays — este servicio funciona solamente los sábados

5)

a) ( flow) \<\<water/oil\>\> correr; ( drip) gotear

the water ran hot/cold — empezó a salir agua caliente/fría

the river runs through the town/into the sea — el río pasa por la ciudad/desemboca en el mar

she left the water/faucet (AmE) o (BrE) tap running — dejó la llave abierta (AmL) or (Esp) el grifo abierto or (RPl) la canilla abierta or (Per) el caño abierto

my nose is running — me gotea la nariz

b) ( pass) pasar

the rope runs over this pulley — la cuerda pasa por esta polea

6) ( travel)

our thoughts were running along o on the same lines — nuestros pensamientos iban por el mismo camino

a shiver ran down my spine — me dio un escalofrío

7) ( Pol) \<\<candidate\>\> presentarse, postularse (AmL)

he is running for Governor again — se va a volver a presentar or (AmL tb) a postular como candidato a Gobernador

she'll be running against two other candidates — se enfrentará a otros dos candidatos

Sense II

8) (operate, function)

with the engine running — con el motor encendido or en marcha or (AmL tb) prendido

it runs off batteries/on gas — funciona con pilas or a pila(s)/a gas

the talks have been running smoothly — las conversaciones han marchado sobre ruedas

the work is running six months behind schedule — el trabajo lleva seis meses de retraso

Sense III

9) ( extend)

a) ( in space)

the streets run parallel to each other — las calles corren paralelas

the path runs across the field/around the lake — el sendero atraviesa el campo/bordea el lago

this idea runs through the whole book — esta idea se repite or está presente a lo largo del libro

b) ( in time)

the film runs for 95 minutes — la película dura 95 minutos

the show will run for 10 weeks — el espectáculo estará en cartel 10 semanas

the contract runs for a year — el contrato es válido por un año or vence al cabo de un año

10)

a) (be, stand)

feelings are running high — los ánimos están caldeados

inflation is running at 4% — la tasa de inflación es del 4%

it runs in the family — es de familia, le (or me etc) viene de familia; water I 3) a)

b) ( become)

stocks are running low — se están agotando las existencias; see also dry I 1) c), short II 2)

to run to something: to run to fat — echar carnes (fam); see also seed I 1) b)

11) (of stories, sequences) decir*

how did that line run? — ¿cómo decía or era esa línea?

the argument runs as follows — el argumento es el siguiente

12) (melt, merge) \<\<butter/cheese/icing\>\> derretirse*; \<\<paint/makeup\>\> correrse; \<\<color\>\> desteñir*, despintarse (Méx)

13) \<\<stockings\>\> hacerse* carreras, correrse (AmL)

2.

1) vt

Sense I

2)

a) \<\<race/marathon\>\> correr, tomar parte en

b) ( chase)

the Green candidate ran them a close third — el candidato de los verdes quedó en tercer lugar a muy poca distancia de ellos

they were run out of town — los hicieron salir del pueblo, los corrieron del pueblo (AmL fam)

3)

a) (push, move) pasar

he ran his fingers through his beard — se mesaba la barba

she ran her finger down the list — recorrió la lista con el dedo

run a comb through your hair — pásate un peine (por el pelo)

b) ( drive) \<\<person\>\> (colloq) llevar ( en coche)

he ran the truck into the ditch — se metió con el camión en la cuneta

4) ( cause to flow)

to run a bath — preparar un baño

to run something under the tap — (BrE) hacer* correr agua sobre algo

5)

a) ( extend) \<\<cable/wire\>\> tender*

b) ( pass) (hacer*) pasar

6)

a) ( smuggle) \<\<guns\>\> contrabandear, pasar (de contrabando)

b) ( get past) \<\<blockade\>\> burlar

to run a (red) light — (AmE) saltarse un semáforo (en rojo), pasarse un alto (Méx)

Sense II

7) ( operate) \<\<engine\>\> hacer* funcionar; \<\<program\>\> ( Comput) pasar, ejecutar

8) ( manage) \<\<business/organization/department\>\> dirigir*, llevar

the state-run television network — la cadena de televisión estatal or del Estado

who's running this business? — ¿aquí quién es el que manda?

he runs the financial side of the business — se encarga or se ocupa del aspecto financiero del negocio

9)

a) ( Transp) \<\<flight\>\> tener*

we run regular buses to the airport — tenemos un servicio regular de autobuses al aeropuerto

they run extra trains on Saturdays — los sábados ponen más trenes

b) ( maintain) tener*

she runs her own car — ella tiene su propio coche

I can't afford to run a car — no puedo mantener un coche

it's very cheap to run — es muy económico

10) \<\<tests\>\> realizar*, llevar a cabo; \<\<classes/concerts\>\> organizar*; \<\<newspaper\>\> \<\<article\>\> publicar*; fever 1) a), risk I a), temperature b)

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- run about

- run across

- run after

- run along

- run around

- run at

- run away

- run away with

- run down

- run in

- run into

- run off

- run off with

- run on

- run out

- run out on

- run over

- run through

- run to

- run up

- run up against

II

noun

1) ( on foot)

she goes for a short run every day — todos los días sale a correr un poco

he does everything at a run — todo lo hace (deprisa y) corriendo or a la(s) carrera(s)

to break into a run — echar a correr

on the run: the children keep her on the run all day los niños la tienen todo el día en danza; after seven years on the run (from the law) después de estar siete años huyendo de la justicia; to give somebody a (good) run for her/his money hacerle* sudar tinta a algn; to have a good run for one's money: he was champion for six years, he had a good run for his money fue campeón durante seis años, no se puede quejar; to have the run of something tener* libre acceso a algo, tener* algo a su (or mi etc) entera disposición; to make a run for it — escaparse

2)

a) (trip, outing) vuelta f, paseo m ( en coche)

b) ( journey)

the outward run — el trayecto or viaje de ida

it's only a short/10-mile run — está muy cerca/sólo a 10 millas

3)

a) ( sequence)

a run of good/bad luck — una racha de buena/mala suerte, una buena/mala racha

b) ( period of time)

in the long run — a la larga

in the short run — a corto plazo

4) ( tendency) corriente f

in the normal run of events — normalmente, en el curso normal de los acontecimientos

5) ( heavy demand)

run ON something: there's been a run on these watches estos relojes han estado muy solicitados or han tenido mucha demanda; a run on sterling una fuerte presión sobre la libra; a run on the banks — una corrida bancaria, un pánico bancario

6) (Cin, Theat) temporada f

7) ( Publ) ( print run) tirada f

8)

a) ( track) pista f

ski run — pista de esquí

b) ( for animals) corral m

9) (in stocking, knitted garment) carrera f

10) (in baseball, cricket) carrera f

11) the runs pl ( diarrhea) (colloq) diarrea f, churrias fpl (Col fam)

English-spanish dictionary > run
15 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
16 safe

I
1. seif adjective
1) ((negative unsafe) protected, or free (from danger etc): The children are safe from danger in the garden.) seguro

2) (providing good protection: You should keep your money in a safe place.) seguro

3) (unharmed: The missing child has been found safe and well.) salvo

4) (not likely to cause harm: These pills are safe for children.) seguro

5) ((of a person) reliable: a safe driver; He's a very fast driver but he's safe enough.) cauteloso, fiable

•

- safeness
- safely
- safety
- safeguard
2. verb
(to protect: Put a good lock on your door to safeguard your property.) salvaguardar, proteger; defender

- safety-belt
- safety lamp
- safety measures
- safety-pin
- safety valve
- be on the safe side
- safe and sound
II seif noun
(a heavy metal chest or box in which money etc can be locked away safely: There is a small safe hidden behind that picture on the wall.) caja de caudales

safe¹ adj

1. seguro / no peligroso

you should keep your money in a safe place deberías guardar tu dinero en un sitio seguro

it isn't safe to play in the street es peligroso jugar en la calle

2. prudente

my father is a safe driver mi padre es un conductor prudente

3. a salvo

the missing mountaineer is safe el alpinista que se había perdido está a salvo

safe and sound sano y salvo

safe² n caja fuerte

they left their money in the hotel safe dejaron su dinero en la caja fuerte del hotel

safe

tr[seɪf]

adjective

1 (gen) seguro,-a; (out of danger) a salvo, fuera de peligro

■ be careful, the banisters aren't very safe ten cuidado, la barandilla no es muy segura

■ it's not safe to play in the road es peligroso jugar en la calle

■ she's a safe driver conduce con cuidado

■ your secret's safe with me guardaré tu secreto

■ don't worry, you'll be safe here no te preocupes, aquí estarás a salvo

2 (unharmed) ileso,-a, indemne

■ the missing boy has been found safe se ha encontrado sano y salvo al niño desaparecido

3 (not risky - method, investment, choice) seguro,-a; (subject) no polémico,-a

noun

1 caja fuerte, caja de caudales, caja de seguridad

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to be a safe bet ser seguro,-a

as safe as houses completamente seguro,-a

better safe than sorry más vale prevenir que curar

in safe hands en buenas manos

it's safe to say that... se puede decir con seguridad que...

safe and sound sano,-a y salvo,-a

to be on the safe side para mayor seguridad, por si acaso

to play (it) safe ir sobre seguro, jugar sobre seguro

safe house piso franco

safe seat SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL escaño asegurado

safe sex sexo seguro

safe ['seɪf] adj, safer ; safest

1) unharmed: ileso

safe and sound: sano y salvo

2) secure: seguro

3)

to be on the safe side : para mayor seguridad

4)

to play it safe : ir a la segura

safe n

: caja f fuerte

safe

adj.

• cierto, -a adj.

• digno de confianza adj.

• ileso, -a adj.

• incólume adj.

• intacto, -a adj.

• salvo, -a adj.

• sano, -a adj.

• seguro, -a adj.

n.

• arca s.f.

• caja s.f.

• caja de caudales s.f.

• caja fuerte s.f.

I seɪf
adjective safer, safest

1)

a) ( secure from danger) (pred) seguro

his reputation is safe — su reputación está a salvo

you are not safe here — corres peligro aquí

keep these documents safe — guarda estos documentos en un lugar seguro

your secret is safe with me — puedes confiar en que guardaré tu secreto

to be safe FROM somebody/something: we'll be safe from prying eyes/from him here — aquí estaremos a salvo de curiosos/de él

b) ( unharmed) (pred)

they were found safe and well o safe and sound — los encontraron sanos y salvos

c) ( offering protection) <haven/refuge> seguro

2) ( not dangerous) seguro

that ladder isn't very safe — esa escalera no es muy segura

is the water safe to drink? — ¿se puede beber el agua sin peligro?

have a safe journey — (que tengas) buen viaje

3) ( not risky) < investment> seguro, sin riesgo; <method/contraceptive> seguro, fiable

he's a very safe driver — conduce con prudencia

it's safe to say that... — se puede decir sin temor a equivocarse que...

safe sex — sexo m seguro or sin riesgo

we'd better leave at four o'clock to be on the safe side — mejor salgamos a las cuatro por si acaso

better (to be) safe than sorry — más vale prevenir que curar; play II II 1) b)

II

noun ( for valuables) caja f fuerte, caja f de caudales; (before n)

safe cracker o (BrE) breaker — ladrón, -drona m,f de cajas fuertes

[seɪf]
1. ADJ
(compar safer) (superl safest)
1) (=not in danger) [person] a salvo, seguro; [object] seguro

you'll be safe here — aquí no correrás peligro, aquí estarás a salvo

your pearls will be quite safe in the bank — tus perlas estarán totalmente seguras en el banco

• to feel safe — sentirse seguro

• to be safe from — [+ attack, predator, sarcasm] estar a salvo de; [+ contamination] estar libre de

• to keep sth safe — guardar algo (en lugar seguro)

I'll keep it safe for you — yo te lo guardo

where can I put this to keep it safe? — ¿dónde puedo poner esto para que esté seguro?

• the secret is safe with me — guardaré el secreto

the documents are safe with him — cuidará bien de los documentos, con él los documentos están en buenas manos

- safe and sound

- as safe as houses

- better safe than sorry

2) (=not dangerous) [ladder, load, vehicle, option] seguro; [method, handling] seguro, fiable; [structure, bridge] sólido; [investment] seguro, sin riesgo; [level] que no entraña riesgo

the safe disposal of hazardous wastes — la eliminación sin riesgos de residuos peligrosos

is nuclear power safe? — ¿es segura la energía nuclear?

these stairs are not very safe — esta escalera no es muy segura

don't walk on the ice, it isn't safe — no andes por el hielo, es peligroso

keep your alcohol consumption within safe limits — mantén tu consumo de alcohol dentro de los límites de seguridad

it's not safe to go out after dark — es peligroso salir de noche

it's safe to eat — se puede comer sin peligro

it's safe to say that... — se puede decir sin miedo a equivocarse que...

it's safe to assume that... — cabe suponer con bastante seguridad que...

it might be safer to wait — puede que sea mejor esperar

• it is a safe assumption that she was very disappointed — a buen seguro que estaba muy decepcionada

• it's a safe bet! — ¡es cosa segura!

• to keep a safe distance from sth — mantenerse a una distancia prudencial de algo; (when driving) mantener la distancia de seguridad con algo

to follow sb at a safe distance — seguir a algn manteniendo cierta distancia

• to be a safe driver — conducir con prudencia or con cuidado

• a team of experts made the building safe — un equipo de expertos se ocupó de que el edificio no constituyese un peligro

• a safe margin — un margen de seguridad

• just to be on the safe side — para mayor seguridad, por si acaso

• the safest thing is to... — lo más seguro es + infin

• he's safe with children — [man] es de fiar con los niños; [dog] no es un peligro para los niños

3) (=secure) [environment, neighbourhood, harbour] seguro

• to be in safe hands — estar a salvo, estar en buenas manos

• to keep sth in a safe place — guardar algo en un lugar seguro

- a safe pair of hands

4) (=trouble-free) [arrival, delivery] sin problemas; [landing] sin riesgo, sin peligro

• safe journey! — ¡buen viaje!

have a safe journey home! — ¡que llegues bien (a casa)!

• safe passage — paso m franco, libre tránsito m

• the safe return of the hostages — la vuelta de los rehenes sanos y salvos

2.

N (for valuables) caja f fuerte; (for meat) fresquera f

3.

ADV

• to play (it) safe — ir a lo seguro, no arriesgarse

4.

CPD

safe area N — [of country] zona f de seguridad

safe breaker N — ladrón(-ona) m / f de cajas fuertes

safe deposit N — (=vault) cámara f acorazada; (=box) (also: safe deposit box) caja f fuerte, caja f de seguridad

safe haven N — refugio m seguro

safe house N — piso m franco

the safe period * N — (Med) el periodo de infertilidad

safe seat N (esp Brit) (Pol) —

it was a safe Conservative seat — era un escaño prácticamente seguro para los conservadores, el escaño estaba prácticamente asegurado para los conservadores

safe sex N — sexo m seguro or sin riesgo

* * *

I [seɪf]
adjective safer, safest

1)

a) ( secure from danger) (pred) seguro

his reputation is safe — su reputación está a salvo

you are not safe here — corres peligro aquí

keep these documents safe — guarda estos documentos en un lugar seguro

your secret is safe with me — puedes confiar en que guardaré tu secreto

to be safe FROM somebody/something: we'll be safe from prying eyes/from him here — aquí estaremos a salvo de curiosos/de él

b) ( unharmed) (pred)

they were found safe and well o safe and sound — los encontraron sanos y salvos

c) ( offering protection) <haven/refuge> seguro

2) ( not dangerous) seguro

that ladder isn't very safe — esa escalera no es muy segura

is the water safe to drink? — ¿se puede beber el agua sin peligro?

have a safe journey — (que tengas) buen viaje

3) ( not risky) < investment> seguro, sin riesgo; <method/contraceptive> seguro, fiable

he's a very safe driver — conduce con prudencia

it's safe to say that... — se puede decir sin temor a equivocarse que...

safe sex — sexo m seguro or sin riesgo

we'd better leave at four o'clock to be on the safe side — mejor salgamos a las cuatro por si acaso

better (to be) safe than sorry — más vale prevenir que curar; play II II 1) b)

II

noun ( for valuables) caja f fuerte, caja f de caudales; (before n)

safe cracker o (BrE) breaker — ladrón, -drona m,f de cajas fuertes

English-spanish dictionary > safe
17 safe

1. noun
Safe, der; Geldschrank, der
2. adjective
1) (out of danger) sicher ( from vor + Dat.)

he's safe — er ist in Sicherheit

make something safe from something — etwas gegen etwas sichern

safe and sound — sicher und wohlbehalten

2) (free from danger) ungefährlich; sicher [Ort, Hafen]

better safe than sorry — Vorsicht ist besser als Nachsicht (ugs.)

wish somebody a safe journey — jemandem eine gute Reise wünschen

is the car safe to drive? — ist der Wagen verkehrssicher?

to be on the safe side — zur Sicherheit

3) (unlikely to produce controversy) sicher; bewährt (iron.) [Klischee]

it is safe to say [that...] — man kann mit einiger Sicherheit sagen[, dass...]

4) (reliable) sicher [Methode, Investition, Stelle]; nahe liegend [Vermutung]

5) (secure)

your secrets will be safe with me — deine Geheimnisse sind bei mir gut aufgehoben. See also academic.ru/56066/play">play 2. 1), 3. 5)

* * *
I 1. [seif] adjective
1) ((negative unsafe) protected, or free ( from danger etc): The children are safe from danger in the garden.) sicher

2) (providing good protection: You should keep your money in a safe place.) sicher

3) (unharmed: The missing child has been found safe and well.) unversehrt

4) (not likely to cause harm: These pills are safe for children.) ungefährlich

5) ((of a person) reliable: a safe driver; He's a very fast driver but he's safe enough.) sicher

•

- safeness
- safely
- safety
- safeguard 2. verb
(to protect: Put a good lock on your door to safeguard your property.) sichern

- safety-belt
- safety lamp
- safety measures
- safety-pin
- safety valve
- be on the safe side
- safe and sound II [seif] noun
(a heavy metal chest or box in which money etc can be locked away safely: There is a small safe hidden behind that picture on the wall.) der Safe

* * *

safe

[seɪf]

I. adj

1. (secure) sicher, ungefährlich; medicine unbedenklich

\safe journey! gute Reise!

it's \safe to enter the building now man kann das Gebäude jetzt gefahrlos betreten

do you think it will be \safe to leave her in the car by herself? meinst du, es kann nichts passieren, wenn wir sie allein im Auto lassen?

\safe distance Sicherheitsabstand m

to drive at a \safe speed mit angepasster Geschwindigkeit fahren

\safe vaccine gut verträglicher Impfstoff

2. (protected) sicher

your secret's \safe with me bei mir ist dein Geheimnis sicher aufgehoben

we're \safe from attack now wir sind jetzt vor einem Angriff sicher

to keep sth in a \safe place etw sicher aufbewahren

to feel \safe sich akk sicher fühlen

to put sth somewhere \safe etw an einen sicheren Ort tun

3. (certain) [relativ] sicher

it's a pretty \safe assumption that she's going to marry him es ist so gut wie sicher, dass sie ihn heiraten wird

it's a \safe bet that his condition will get worse man kann davon ausgehen, dass sich sein Zustand verschlechtern wird

black shoes are always a \safe bet mit schwarzen Schuhen kann man nie etwas falsch machen

\safe method/source sichere Methode/Quelle

4. (avoiding risk) vorsichtig

to make the \safe choice auf Nummer Sicher gehen fam

\safe driver vorsichtiger Fahrer/vorsichtige Fahrerin

ten years of \safe driving zehn Jahre unfallfreies Fahren

\safe estimate vorsichtige Schätzung

\safe play Spiel nt auf Sicherheit

\safe player auf Sicherheit bedachter Spieler/bedachte Spielerin

5. (dependable) sicher, verlässlich, zuverlässig

\safe adviser verlässlicher Berater/verlässliche Beraterin

\safe car verkehrssicheres Auto

\safe driver sicherer Fahrer/sichere Fahrerin

\safe investment risikolose Investition

\safe road gut ausgebaute Straße

6. POL

\safe constituency/seat sicherer Wahlkreis/Sitz

7. SPORT

to win by a \safe margin mit sicherem [o großem] Vorsprung gewinnen

8.

▶ it is better to be \safe than sorry ( prov) Vorsicht ist besser als Nachsicht prov

▶ to be in \safe hands in guten Händen sein

▶ to be as \safe as houses BRIT deal, job bombensicher sein fam

▶ to play it \safe Vorsicht walten lassen, auf Nummer Sicher gehen fam

▶ [just [or in order]] to be on the \safe side [nur] um sicherzugehen [o zur Sicherheit]

▶ \safe and sound gesund und wohlbehalten

II. n Geldschrank m, Tresor m, Safe m

* * *
I [seɪf]
n
(for valuables) Safe m or nt, Panzerschrank m, Tresor m II
adj (+er)

1) (= not in danger) sicher; (= out of danger) in Sicherheit; (= not injured) unverletzt

to be safe from sb/sth — vor jdm/etw sicher sein

no girl is safe with him — bei ihm ist kein Mädchen sicher

to keep sth safe — etw sicher aufbewahren

all the passengers/climbers are safe — alle Passagiere/Bergsteiger sind in Sicherheit or (not injured) sind unverletzt

you're not safe without a seat belt — es ist gefährlich or nicht sicher, ohne Gurt zu fahren

safe journey! — gute Fahrt/Reise!

safe journey home! —

we've found him – is he safe? — wir haben ihn gefunden! – ist ihm etwas passiert?

thank God you're safe — Gott sei Dank ist dir nichts passiert

he was safe at home all the time — er saß die ganze Zeit wohlbehalten zu Hause

safe and sound — gesund und wohlbehalten

the patient is safe now — der Patient ist jetzt außer Gefahr

my life's not safe here — ich bin hier meines Lebens nicht sicher

your reputation is safe — Ihr Ruf ist nicht in Gefahr

the secret is safe with me — bei mir ist das Geheimnis gut aufgehoben

the thieves are now safe in prison — die Diebe sind jetzt in sicherem Gewahrsam

2) (= not likely to cause harm, not dangerous, not presenting risks) ungefährlich; (= stable, secure) building, roof etc sicher

not safe — gefährlich

this car is not safe to drive — das Auto ist nicht verkehrssicher

she is not safe on the roads — sie ist eine Gefahr im Straßenverkehr

is this beach safe for bathing? — kann man an diesem Strand gefahrlos or ohne Gefahr baden?

it is safe to leave it open/tell him — man kann es unbesorgt or ohne Weiteres auflassen/es ihm unbesorgt or ohne Weiteres erzählen

is it safe to touch that/drive so fast/light a fire? — ist es auch nicht gefährlich, das anzufassen/so schnell zu fahren/ein Feuer anzumachen?

it is safe to eat/drink —

the dog is safe with children — der Hund tut Kindern nichts

it's now safe to turn off your computer — Sie können den Computer jetzt ausschalten

3) (= secure) place, hiding place sicher

in a safe place — an einem sicheren Ort

4) (= reliable) job, contraceptive, driver sicher; mountain guide, method, player zuverlässig, verlässlich

safe period — sichere or ungefährliche Zeit

to be or have a safe pair of hands —

in safe hands — in sicheren Händen

5) (= not likely to be/go wrong) investment, theory, choice, option sicher; policy vorsichtig, risikolos; estimate realistisch

safe margin — Spielraum m; (Fin also) Reserve f

it is safe to assume or a safe assumption that... — man kann mit ziemlicher Sicherheit annehmen, dass...

it's a safe guess —

they appointed a safe man as headmaster he plays a safe game (of tennis) — sie bestimmten einen gemäßigten Mann als Rektor er spielt (Tennis) auf Sicherheit

I think it's safe to say... — ich glaube, man kann wohl or ruhig sagen...

is it safe to generalize? — kann man das ohne Weiteres verallgemeinern?

is it safe to draw that conclusion? — kann man diesen Schluss so ohne Weiteres ziehen?

to be safe in the knowledge that... —

do you feel safe just taking on three extra staff? — haben Sie keine Bedenken, wenn Sie nur drei extra Leute einstellen?

just to be safe or on the safe side — um ganz sicher zu sein, um sicherzugehen

the safest thing (to do) would be to wait here for her — das Sicherste wäre, hier auf sie zu warten

it is a safe bet that... — man kann darauf wetten, dass...

to follow sb at a safe distance — jdm in sicherem Abstand folgen

better safe than sorry — Vorsicht ist besser als Nachsicht (Prov)

6)

(= certain) he is safe to win/get the job — er wird sicher gewinnen/die Stelle sicher bekommen

* * *

safe [seıf]

A adj (adv safely)

1. sicher ( from vor dat):

safe area MIL Schutzzone f;

a safe place ein sicherer Ort;

keep sth safe ( oder in a safe place) etwas sicher aufbewahren;

we are safe from disturbance here hier sind wir ungestört;

you are safe with him bei ihm bist du sicher aufgehoben;

better to be safe than sorry (Sprichwort) Vorsicht ist die Mutter der Weisheit oder der Porzellankiste;

make the game safe SPORT alles klarmachen

2. sicher, unversehrt, außer Gefahr (auch Patient):

he has safely arrived er ist gut angekommen;

he arrived safe and sound er kam heil und gesund an

3. sicher, ungefährlich, gefahrlos:

safe (to operate) TECH betriebssicher;

safe current maximal zulässiger Strom;

safe period PHYSIOL (die) unfruchtbaren Tage (der Frau);

safe sex Safer Sex m;

safe stress TECH zulässige Beanspruchung;

the rope is safe das Seil hält;

is it safe to go there? kann man da ungefährdet oder gefahrlos hingehen?;

in safe custody → A 7;

(as) safe as houses umg absolut sicher;

it is safe to say that …, one can safely say that … man kann ruhig sagen, dass …;

it is safe to assume that … man kann ohne Weiteres oder getrost annehmen, dass …;

be on the safe side (Redew) um ganz sicherzugehen, um auf der sicheren Seite zu sein; → load A 6 a, play B 1, C 1, safe house

4. vorsichtig (Schätzung etc)

5. sicher, zuverlässig (Führer, Methode etc)

6. sicher, voraussichtlich (Sieger etc):

safe seat PARL sicherer Wahlkreis;

he is safe to be there er wird sicher da sein

7. in sicherem Gewahrsam (auch Gangster etc)

B s

1. Safe m, Tresor m, Geldschrank m

2. → meat safe

3. US sl Gummi m (Kondom)

* * *
1. noun
Safe, der; Geldschrank, der
2. adjective
1) (out of danger) sicher ( from vor + Dat.)

he's safe — er ist in Sicherheit

make something safe from something — etwas gegen etwas sichern

safe and sound — sicher und wohlbehalten

2) (free from danger) ungefährlich; sicher [Ort, Hafen]

better safe than sorry — Vorsicht ist besser als Nachsicht (ugs.)

wish somebody a safe journey — jemandem eine gute Reise wünschen

is the car safe to drive? — ist der Wagen verkehrssicher?

to be on the safe side — zur Sicherheit

3) (unlikely to produce controversy) sicher; bewährt (iron.) [Klischee]

it is safe to say [that...] — man kann mit einiger Sicherheit sagen[, dass...]

4) (reliable) sicher [Methode, Investition, Stelle]; nahe liegend [Vermutung]

5) (secure)

your secrets will be safe with me — deine Geheimnisse sind bei mir gut aufgehoben. See also play 2. 1), 3. 5)

* * *

(vault) n.

Safe -s m. adj.

geschützt adj.

sicher adj. n.

Geldschrank m.

Tresor -e m.

English-german dictionary > safe
18 safe

I 1. [seif] adjective
1) ((negative unsafe) protected, or free (from danger etc): The children are safe from danger in the garden.) i sikkerhed

2) (providing good protection: You should keep your money in a safe place.) sikker

3) (unharmed: The missing child has been found safe and well.) i god behold

4) (not likely to cause harm: These pills are safe for children.) ufarlig

5) ((of a person) reliable: a safe driver; He's a very fast driver but he's safe enough.) sikker

•

- safeness
- safely
- safety
- safeguard 2. verb
(to protect: Put a good lock on your door to safeguard your property.) beskytte

- safety-belt
- safety lamp
- safety measures
- safety-pin
- safety valve
- be on the safe side
- safe and sound II [seif] noun
(a heavy metal chest or box in which money etc can be locked away safely: There is a small safe hidden behind that picture on the wall.) pengeskab

* * *
I 1. [seif] adjective
1) ((negative unsafe) protected, or free (from danger etc): The children are safe from danger in the garden.) i sikkerhed

2) (providing good protection: You should keep your money in a safe place.) sikker

3) (unharmed: The missing child has been found safe and well.) i god behold

4) (not likely to cause harm: These pills are safe for children.) ufarlig

5) ((of a person) reliable: a safe driver; He's a very fast driver but he's safe enough.) sikker

•

- safeness
- safely
- safety
- safeguard 2. verb
(to protect: Put a good lock on your door to safeguard your property.) beskytte

- safety-belt
- safety lamp
- safety measures
- safety-pin
- safety valve
- be on the safe side
- safe and sound II [seif] noun
(a heavy metal chest or box in which money etc can be locked away safely: There is a small safe hidden behind that picture on the wall.) pengeskab

English-Danish dictionary > safe
19 pull

pull [pʊl]

fait de tirer ⇒ 1 (a) traction ⇒ 1 (b) résistance ⇒ 1 (c) attrait ⇒ 1 (d) influence ⇒ 1 (e) tirer ⇒ 2 (a)-(c), 3 (a) traîner ⇒ 2 (a) arracher ⇒ 2 (d) se déchirer ⇒ 2 (e) réussir ⇒ 2 (f)

1 noun

(a) (tug, act of pulling)

∎ to give sth a pull, to give a pull on sth tirer (sur) qch;

∎ give it a hard or good pull! tirez fort!;

∎ give it one more pull tire encore un coup;

∎ we'll need a pull to get out of the mud nous aurons besoin que quelqu'un nous remorque ou nous prenne en remorque pour nous désembourber;

∎ with a pull the dog broke free le chien tira sur sa laisse et s'échappa;

∎ she felt a pull at or on her handbag elle a senti qu'on tirait sur son sac à main;

∎ I felt a pull on the fishing line ça mordait

(b) (physical force → of machine) traction f; (→ of sun, moon, magnet) (force f) d'attraction f;

∎ the winch applies a steady pull le treuil exerce une traction continue;

∎ the gravitational pull is stronger on Earth la gravitation est plus forte sur Terre;

∎ we fought against the pull of the current nous luttions contre le courant qui nous entraînait

(c) (resistance → of bowstring) résistance f;

∎ adjust the trigger if the pull is too stiff for you réglez la détente si elle est trop dure pour vous

(d) (psychological, emotional attraction) attrait m;

∎ the pull of city life l'attrait m de la vie en ville;

∎ he resisted the pull of family tradition and went his own way il a résisté à l'influence de la tradition familiale pour suivre son propre chemin

(e) familiar (influence, power) influence^□ f, piston m;

∎ to have a lot of pull avoir le bras long;

∎ he has a lot of pull with the Prime Minister il a beaucoup d'influence sur le Premier ministre;

∎ his money gives him a certain political pull son argent lui confère une certaine influence ou un certain pouvoir politique;

∎ his father's pull got him in son père l'a pistonné

(f) (prolonged effort)

∎ it'll be a long pull to the summit la montée sera longue (et difficile) pour atteindre le sommet;

∎ it will be a hard pull upstream il faudra ramer dur pour remonter le courant;

∎ it's going to be a long uphill pull to make the firm profitable ça sera difficile de remettre l'entreprise à flot

(g) (in rowing → stroke) coup m de rame ou d'aviron;

∎ with another pull he was clear of the rock d'un autre coup de rame, il évita le rocher

(h) (at cigar) bouffée f; (at drink, bottle) gorgée f;

∎ to take a pull at or on one's beer boire ou prendre une gorgée de bière;

∎ to take a pull at or on one's cigarette/pipe tirer sur sa cigarette/pipe

(i) (usu in cpds) (knob, handle) poignée f; (cord) cordon m; (strap) sangle f

(j) (snag → in sweater) accroc m;

∎ my cardigan has a pull in it j'ai fait un accroc à mon cardigan

(k) Typography épreuve f

(l) familiar

∎ to be on the pull (man) chercher à lever une nana; (woman) chercher à lever un mec

2 transitive verb

(a) (object → yank, tug) tirer; (→ drag) traîner; (person) tirer, entraîner;

∎ she pulled my hair elle m'a tiré les cheveux;

∎ to pull the blinds baisser les stores;

∎ to pull the British curtains or

∎ American drapes tirer ou fermer les rideaux;

∎ we pulled the heavy log across to the fire nous avons traîné la lourde bûche jusqu'au feu;

∎ pull the lamp towards you tirez la lampe vers vous;

∎ he pulled his chair closer to the fire il approcha sa chaise de la cheminée;

∎ she pulled the hood over her face elle abaissa le capuchon sur son visage;

∎ he pulled his hat over his eyes il enfonça ou rabattit son chapeau sur ses yeux;

∎ he pulled the steering wheel to the right il a donné un coup de volant à droite;

∎ to pull a drawer open ouvrir un tiroir;

∎ she came in and pulled the door shut behind her elle entra et ferma la porte derrière elle;

∎ pull the rope taut tendez la corde;

∎ pull the knot tight serrez le nœud;

∎ pull the tablecloth straight tendez la nappe;

∎ he pulled the wrapping from the package il arracha l'emballage du paquet;

∎ he pulled the sheets off the bed il enleva les draps du lit;

∎ she pulled her hand from mine elle retira (brusquement) sa main de la mienne;

∎ she pulled the box from his hands elle lui a arraché la boîte des mains;

∎ he was pulling her towards the exit il l'entraînait vers la sortie;

∎ he pulled her closer (to him) il l'a attirée plus près de lui;

∎ the current pulled us into the middle of the river le courant nous a entraînés au milieu de la rivière;

∎ he pulled himself onto the riverbank il se hissa sur la berge;

∎ figurative the sound of the doorbell pulled him out of his daydream le coup de sonnette l'a tiré de ou arraché à ses rêveries;

∎ figurative he was pulled off the first team on l'a écarté ou exclu de la première équipe;

∎ British familiar pull the other one (it's got bells on)! mon œil!, à d'autres!;

∎ to pull to bits or pieces (toy, appliance) démolir, mettre en morceaux; (book, flower) déchirer; figurative (book, play, person) démolir

(b) (operate → lever, handle) tirer;

∎ pull the trigger appuyez ou pressez sur la détente

(c) (tow, draw → load, trailer, carriage, boat) tirer, remorquer;

∎ carts pulled by mules des charrettes tirées par des mules;

∎ a suitcase with wheels that you pull behind you une valise à roulettes qu'on tire ou traîne derrière soi;

∎ the barges were pulled along the canals les péniches étaient halées le long des canaux

(d) (take out → tooth) arracher, extraire; (→ weeds) arracher; (→ weapon) tirer, sortir;

∎ he pulled a dollar bill from his wad/wallet il a tiré un billet d'un dollar de sa liasse/sorti un billet d'un dollar de son portefeuille;

∎ he pulled a gun on me il a braqué un revolver sur moi;

∎ to pull a cork déboucher une bouteille;

∎ to have a tooth pulled se faire arracher une dent;

∎ it was like pulling teeth c'était pénible comme tout;

∎ getting him to talk is like pulling teeth! il faut lui arracher les mots de la bouche!;

∎ familiar can you pull that file for me? pourriez-vous me sortir ce dossier?^□

(e) (strain → muscle, tendon) se déchirer;

∎ she pulled a muscle elle s'est déchiré un muscle, elle s'est fait un claquage;

∎ a pulled muscle un claquage;

∎ my shoulder feels as if I've pulled something j'ai l'impression que je me suis froissé un muscle de l'épaule

(f) familiar (bring off) réussir^□ ;

∎ she has pulled several daring financial coups elle a réussi plusieurs opérations financières audacieuses;

∎ he pulled a big bank job in Italy il a réussi un hold-up de première dans une banque italienne;

∎ to pull a trick on sb jouer un tour à qn^□ ;

∎ what are you trying to pull? qu'est-ce que tu es en train de combiner ou manigancer?^□ ;

∎ don't try and pull anything! n'essayez pas de jouer au plus malin!;

∎ don't ever pull a stunt like that again ne me/nous/ etc refais jamais un tour comme ça^□ ;

∎ to pull a fast one on sb avoir qn, rouler qn;

∎ American I pulled an all-nighter j'ai bossé toute la nuit

(g) (hold back) Horseracing

∎ to pull a horse retenir un cheval;

∎ also figurative to pull one's punches retenir ses coups, ménager son adversaire;

∎ figurative she didn't pull any punches elle n'y est pas allée de main morte

(h) (in golf, tennis → ball) puller;

∎ to pull a shot puller

(i) (in rowing → boat) faire avancer à la rame;

∎ he pulls a good oar c'est un bon rameur;

∎ the boat pulls eight oars c'est un bateau à huit avirons

(j) Typography (proof) tirer

(k) Computing extraire

(l) (gut → fowl) vider

(m) familiar (withdraw) retirer^□ ;

∎ people complained and they had to pull the commercial ils ont dû retirer la pub suite à des plaintes

(n) familiar (attract → customers, spectators) attirer^□ ;

∎ the festival pulled a big crowd le festival a attiré beaucoup de monde;

∎ how many votes will he pull? combien de voix va-t-il récolter?^□

(o) British (serve → draught beer) tirer;

∎ he pulls pints at the Crown il est barman au Crown

(p) familiar (sexual partner) lever, emballer

3 intransitive verb

(a) (exert force, tug) tirer;

∎ pull harder! tirez plus fort!;

∎ to pull on or at a rope tirer sur un cordage;

∎ the bandage may pull when I take it off le pansement risque de vous tirer la peau quand je l'enlèverai;

∎ the steering pulls to the right la direction tire à droite;

∎ Cars the 2-litre model pulls very well le modèle 2 litres a de bonnes reprises;

∎ figurative they're pulling in different directions ils tirent à hue et à dia

(b) (rope, cord)

∎ the rope pulled easily la corde filait librement

(c) (go, move)

∎ pull into the space next to the Mercedes mettez-vous ou garez-vous à côté de la Mercedes;

∎ he pulled into the right-hand lane il a pris la file de droite;

∎ pull into the garage entrez dans le garage;

∎ when the train pulls out of the station quand le train quitte la gare;

∎ she pulled clear of the pack elle s'est détachée du peloton;

∎ he pulled clear of the traffic and sped on il est sorti du flot de la circulation et a accéléré;

∎ he pulled sharply to the left il a viré brutalement sur la gauche;

∎ the lorry pulled slowly up the hill le camion gravissait lentement la côte

(d) (strain, labour → vehicle) peiner; (→ horse) tirer sur le mors;

∎ the engine's pulling le moteur fatigue ou peine

(e) familiar (exert influence, give support)

∎ the head of personnel is pulling for you or on your behalf vous avez le chef du personnel derrière vous^□

(f) (snag → sweater) filer;

∎ my sweater's pulled in a couple of places mon pull a plusieurs mailles filées

(g) (row) ramer;

∎ to pull for shore ramer vers la côte;

∎ to pull with a long stroke ramer à grands coups d'aviron

(h) familiar (find sexual partner)

∎ did you pull last night? t'as levé une nana/un mec hier soir?

►► American pull date date f limite de vente;

Marketing pull strategy stratégie f pull;

pull tab (on can) anneau m, bague f

➲ pull about separable transitive verb

(handle roughly → person) malmener; (→ object) tirer dans tous les sens, tirailler;

∎ stop pulling me about! mais lâche-moi donc!

➲ pull ahead intransitive verb

prendre de l'avance;

∎ to pull ahead of sb prendre de l'avance sur qn

➲ pull along separable transitive verb

(load, vehicle) tirer; (person) entraîner;

∎ he was pulling the suitcase along by the strap il tirait la valise derrière lui par la sangle;

∎ she pulled me along by my arm elle m'entraînait en me tirant par le bras

➲ pull apart

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (take to pieces → machine, furniture) démonter;

∎ now you've pulled it all apart, are you sure you can fix it? maintenant que tu as tout démonté, es-tu sûr de pouvoir le réparer?

(b) (destroy, break → object) mettre en morceaux ou en pièces; (→ clothing) déchirer; (body, flesh) déchiqueter;

∎ the wreck was pulled apart by the waves les vagues ont disloqué l'épave;

∎ tell him where it's hidden or he'll pull the place apart dites-lui où c'est (caché) sinon il va tout saccager

(c) (criticize → essay, performance, theory) démolir; (→ person) éreinter

(d) (separate → fighters, dogs) séparer; (→ papers) détacher, séparer

(e) (make suffer) déchirer

2 intransitive verb

(furniture) se démonter, être démontable;

∎ the shelves simply pull apart les étagères se démontent sans outils

➲ pull around separable transitive verb

(a) (cart, toy, suitcase) tirer derrière soi

(b) (make turn) tourner, faire pivoter;

∎ he pulled the horse around il fit faire demi-tour à son cheval

➲ pull at inseparable transitive verb

(a) (strain at, tug at) tirer sur;

∎ the dog pulled at the leash le chien tira sur la laisse;

∎ we pulled at the rope nous avons tiré sur la corde;

∎ I pulled at his sleeve je l'ai tiré par la manche;

∎ each pulled at an oar chacun tirait sur un aviron;

∎ the wind pulled at her hair le vent faisait voler ses cheveux

(b) (suck → pipe, cigar) tirer sur;

∎ (→ bottle) he pulled at his bottle of beer il a bu une gorgée de bière

➲ pull away

1 separable transitive verb

(withdraw → covering, hand) retirer; (grab) arracher;

∎ she pulled her hand away elle retira ou ôta sa main;

∎ he pulled me away from the window il m'éloigna de la fenêtre;

∎ she pulled the book away from him elle lui arracha le livre

2 intransitive verb

(a) (withdraw → person) s'écarter;

∎ I put out my hand but she pulled away j'ai tendu la main vers elle mais elle s'est détournée;

∎ he had me by the arm but I managed to pull away il me tenait par le bras mais j'ai réussi à me dégager

(b) (move off → vehicle, ship) démarrer; (→ train, convoy) s'ébranler;

∎ the boat pulled away from the bank le bateau quitta la rive;

∎ the train pulled away from the station le train a quitté la gare;

∎ as the train began to pull away alors que le train s'ébranlait

(c) (get ahead → runner, competitor) prendre de l'avance;

∎ she's pulling away from the pack elle prend de l'avance sur le peloton, elle se détache du peloton

➲ pull back

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (draw backwards or towards one) retirer;

∎ he pulled his hand back il retira ou ôta sa main;

∎ she pulled back the curtains elle ouvrit les rideaux;

∎ pull the lever back tirez le levier (vers l'arrière);

∎ he pulled me back from the railing il m'a éloigné de la barrière;

∎ to pull sb/a company back from the brink faire refaire surface à qn/une entreprise, tirer qn/une entreprise d'affaire

(b) (withdraw → troops) retirer

2 intransitive verb

(a) (withdraw → troops, participant) se retirer;

∎ it's too late to pull back now il est trop tard pour se retirer ou pour faire marche arrière maintenant;

∎ they pulled back from committing themselves fully ils ont renoncé à s'engager complètement

(b) (step backwards) reculer;

∎ to pull back involuntarily avoir un mouvement de recul involontaire

(c) (jib → horse, person) regimber

➲ pull down

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (lower → lever, handle) tirer (vers le bas); (→ trousers, veil) baisser; (→ suitcase, book) descendre; (→ blind, window) baisser;

∎ pull the blind/the window down baissez le store/la vitre;

∎ with his hat pulled down over his eyes son chapeau rabattu sur les yeux;

∎ she pulled her skirt down over her knees elle ramena sa jupe sur ses genoux;

∎ I pulled him down onto the chair je l'ai fait asseoir sur la chaise;

∎ he's pulling the whole team down il fait baisser le niveau de toute l'équipe;

∎ my marks in the oral exam will pull me down mes notes à l'oral vont baisser ou descendre ma moyenne

(b) (demolish → house, wall) démolir, abattre;

∎ they're pulling down the whole neighbourhood ils démolissent tout le quartier;

∎ figurative it'll pull down the government ça va renverser le gouvernement

(c) familiar (weaken → of illness) affaiblir^□, abattre^□ ; (depress) déprimer^□, abattre^□

(d) American familiar (earn) gagner^□, se faire

(e) Computing (menu) dérouler

2 intransitive verb

(blind) descendre

➲ pull in

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (line, fishing net) ramener;

∎ they pulled the rope in ils tirèrent la corde à eux;

∎ to pull sb in (into building, car) tirer qn à l'intérieur, faire entrer qn; (into water) faire tomber qn à l'eau

(b) (stomach) rentrer;

∎ to pull oneself in rentrer son ventre

(c) (attract → customers, investors, investment) attirer;

∎ the show's really pulling them in le spectacle attire les foules

(d) familiar (earn → of person) gagner^□, se faire; (→ of business) rapporter^□

(e) familiar (arrest) arrêter^□, embarquer;

∎ they pulled him in for questioning ils l'ont arrêté pour l'interroger

(f) (stop → horse) retenir, tirer les rênes de;

∎ to pull one's car in to the kerb se ranger près du trottoir;

∎ to be pulled in for speeding être arrêté pour excès de vitesse

2 intransitive verb

(vehicle, driver → stop) s'arrêter; (→ park) se garer; (→ move to side of road) se rabattre; (arrive → train) entrer en gare;

∎ I pulled in for petrol je me suis arrêté pour prendre de l'essence;

∎ the car in front pulled in to let me past la voiture devant moi s'est rabattue pour me laisser passer;

∎ pull in here arrête-toi là;

∎ to pull in to the kerb se ranger près du trottoir;

∎ the express pulled in two hours late l'express est arrivé avec deux heures de retard

➲ pull off

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (clothes, boots, ring) enlever, retirer; (cover, bandage, knob, wrapping) enlever; (page from calendar, sticky backing) détacher;

∎ to pull the sheets off the bed retirer ou enlever les draps du lit;

∎ I pulled her hat off je lui ai enlevé son chapeau; (more violently) je lui ai arraché son chapeau

(b) familiar (accomplish → deal, stratagem, mission, shot) réussir^□ ; (→ press conference, negotiations) mener à bien^□ ; (→ plan) réaliser^□ ; (→ prize) décrocher, gagner^□ ;

∎ the deal will be difficult to pull off cette affaire ne sera pas facile à négocier;

∎ will she (manage to) pull it off? est-ce qu'elle va y arriver?;

∎ he pulled it off il a réussi

(c) vulgar (masturbate)

∎ to pull sb off branler qn;

∎ to pull oneself off se branler

2 intransitive verb

(a) (move off) démarrer; (after halt) redémarrer

(b) (stop) s'arrêter; (leave main road) quitter la route;

∎ he pulled off onto a side road il bifurqua sur une petite route;

∎ there's no place to pull off il n'y a pas de place pour s'arrêter

(c) (come off)

∎ the lid simply pulls off il suffit de tirer pour enlever le couvercle;

∎ the top pulls off to reveal… le dessus se retire et on peut voir…

➲ pull on

1 separable transitive verb

(clothes, boots, pillow slip) mettre, enfiler

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (tug at → rope, handle etc) tirer sur

(b) (draw on → cigarette, pipe) tirer sur

➲ pull out

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (remove → tooth, hair, weeds) arracher; (→ splinter, nail) enlever; (→ plug, cork) ôter, enlever; (produce → wallet, weapon) sortir, tirer;

∎ she pulled a map out of her bag elle a sorti une carte de son sac;

∎ he pulled a page out of his notebook il a déchiré une feuille de son carnet;

∎ pull the paper gently out of the printer retirez doucement le papier de l'imprimante;

∎ to pull a nail out of a plank arracher un clou d'une planche;

∎ the tractor pulled us out of the mud/ditch le tracteur nous a sortis de la boue/du fossé;

∎ to pull the country out of recession (faire) sortir le pays de la récession;

∎ to pull sb out of a tight spot tirer qn d'un mauvais pas;

∎ familiar to pull out all the stops (to do sth) faire le maximum (pour faire qch)

(b) (draw towards one → drawer, leaf of table, shelf) tirer; (unfold) déplier;

∎ pull the bed out from the wall écartez le lit du mur;

∎ he pulled a chair out from under the table il a écarté une chaise de la table

(c) (withdraw → troops, contestant) retirer;

∎ the battalion was pulled out of the border area le bataillon a été retiré de la région frontalière;

∎ he threatened to pull the party out of the coalition il menaça de retirer le parti de la coalition

(d) Computing (select, produce → data) sortir

2 intransitive verb

(a) (withdraw → troops, ally, participant) se retirer; (→ company from project, buyer) se désister; (→ company from place) quitter une/la région/ville/ etc;

∎ when they pulled out of Vietnam quand ils se sont retirés du Viêt-nam;

∎ she's pulling out of the election elle retire sa candidature;

∎ they've pulled out of the deal ils se sont retirés de l'affaire

(b) (move off → car, ship) démarrer; (→ train, convoy) s'ébranler; (move out to overtake) déboîter;

∎ she was pulling out of the garage elle sortait du garage;

∎ he pulled out to overtake il a déboîté pour doubler;

∎ a truck suddenly pulled out in front of me soudain, un camion m'a coupé la route;

∎ to pull out into traffic s'engager dans la circulation;

∎ Aviation to pull out of a dive sortir d'un piqué, se rétablir

(c) (economy)

∎ to pull out of a recession/a crisis sortir de la récession/d'une crise

(d) (be extendible or detachable → drawer) s'ouvrir; (→ handle) s'allonger; (→ map) se déplier;

∎ the sofa pulls out into a bed le canapé se transforme en lit;

∎ the shelves pull out on peut retirer les étagères;

∎ the table top pulls out c'est une table à rallonges

➲ pull over

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (draw into specified position) tirer, traîner;

∎ pull the chair over to the window amenez la chaise près de la fenêtre;

∎ she pulled the dish over and helped herself elle a tiré le plat vers ou à elle et s'est servie

(b) (make fall → pile, person, table) faire tomber, renverser;

∎ watch out you don't pull that lamp over fais attention de ne pas faire tomber cette lampe

(c) (usu passive) (stop → vehicle, driver) arrêter;

∎ I got pulled over for speeding je me suis fait arrêter pour excès de vitesse

2 intransitive verb

(vehicle, driver → stop) s'arrêter; (→ move to side of road) se ranger, se rabattre;

∎ pull over and let the fire engine past rangez-vous ou rabattez-vous sur le côté et laissez passer les pompiers

➲ pull round British

1 separable transitive verb

(a) = pull around

(b) (revive) ranimer;

∎ a drop of brandy will pull her round un peu de cognac la remettra ou remontera

2 intransitive verb

(regain consciousness) revenir à soi, reprendre connaissance; (recover) se remettre

➲ pull through

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (draw through → rope, thread) faire passer;

∎ pull the needle through to the other side faites sortir l'aiguille de l'autre côté

(b) (help survive or surmount) tirer d'affaire;

∎ he says his faith pulled him through il dit que c'est sa foi qui lui a permis de s'en sortir

2 intransitive verb

(recover) s'en sortir, s'en tirer

➲ pull to separable transitive verb

(shut → door, gate) fermer

➲ pull together

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (place together, join) joindre

(b) (organize → demonstration, rescue team) organiser; (prepare) préparer;

∎ I've pulled together a few suggestions j'ai préparé ou noté quelques propositions

(c) to pull oneself together se reprendre, se ressaisir;

∎ pull yourself together! ressaisissez-vous!, ne vous laissez pas aller!

2 intransitive verb

(a) (on rope) tirer ensemble; (on oars) ramer à l'unisson;

∎ pull together! (in rowing) avant partout!

(b) (combine efforts, cooperate) concentrer ses efforts, agir de concert;

∎ we've all got to pull together on this one il faut que nous nous y mettions tous ensemble, il faut que nous nous attelions tous ensemble à la tâche

➲ pull up

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (draw upwards → trousers, sleeve, blanket, lever) remonter; (→ blind) hausser, lever; (→ skirt) retrousser, relever; (hoist oneself) hisser;

∎ they pulled the boat up onto the beach ils ont tiré le bateau sur la plage;

∎ she pulled herself up onto the ledge elle s'est hissée sur le rebord;

∎ to pull one's socks up tirer ou remonter ses chaussettes; familiar figurative se remuer, s'activer

(b) (move closer → chair) approcher;

∎ I pulled a chair up to the desk j'ai approché une chaise du bureau;

∎ why don't you pull up a chair and join us? prenez donc une chaise et joignez-vous à nous!;

∎ he pulled the crate up to the scales il a traîné la caisse jusqu'à la balance

(c) (uproot → weeds) arracher; (→ bush, stump, tree) arracher, déraciner; (rip up → floorboards) arracher

(d) (stop → person, vehicle, horse) arrêter; (check → person) retenir;

∎ to be pulled up (by the police) se faire arrêter (par un agent);

∎ his warning pulled me up short je me suis arrêté net lorsqu'il m'a crié de faire attention;

∎ he was about to tell them everything but I pulled him up (short) il était sur le point de tout leur dire mais je lui ai coupé la parole

(e) familiar (improve → score, mark) améliorer^□ ; (→ average) remonter^□ ;

∎ his good marks in maths pulled him up again ses bonnes notes en maths ont remonté sa moyenne

(f) British familiar (rebuke) réprimander^□, enguirlander;

∎ he was pulled up for being late il s'est fait enguirlander pour être arrivé en retard;

∎ if your work is sloppy, they'll pull you up on it si ton travail est bâclé, tu vas te faire taper sur les doigts

2 intransitive verb

(a) (stop) s'arrêter;

∎ as I was pulling up at the red light alors que j'allais m'arrêter au feu rouge;

∎ pull up at or outside the main entrance arrêtez-vous devant l'entrée principale;

∎ to pull up short s'arrêter net ou brusquement

(b) familiar (ease up) se détendre^□, se relâcher^□

(c) (draw even) rattraper;

∎ to pull up with sb rattraper qn;

∎ Sun Boy is pulling up on the outside! Sun Boy remonte à l'extérieur!

(d) (improve → student, athlete, performance) s'améliorer

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > pull
20 water

ˈwɔ:tə
1. сущ.
1) а) вода to add water ≈ добавлять воду to drink water ≈ пить воду to pour water ≈ лить/наливать воду to spill water ≈ разливать/проливать воду to splash water, to sprinkle water ≈ разбрызгивать воду boiling water ≈ кипящая вода clear water ≈ чистая вода cold water ≈ холодная вода contaminated water ≈ зараженная вода distilled water ≈ дистиллированная вода fresh water ≈ чистая вода heavy water ≈ "тяжелая" вода holy water ≈ святая вода ice water ≈ ледяная вода mineral water ≈ минеральная вода murky water ≈ мутная вода rain water ≈ дождевая вода rose water ≈ розовая вода soda water ≈ содовая вода soft water ≈ мягкая вода stagnant water ≈ стоячая вода tepid, warm water ≈ теплая вода toilet water ≈ туалетная вода to pour cold water on ≈ вылить ушат холодной воды на кого-л., отругать, удивить неожиданной новостью After the flood our basement was under water. ≈ После наводнения цокольный этаж нашего дома оказался затопленным. Your theory doesn't hold water. ≈ Ваша теория не выдерживает никакой критики. carbonated water ≈ газированная вода drinking water, potable water ≈ питьевая вода polluted water ≈ загрязненная вода salt water, salty water, sea water ≈ морская вода make water by water on the water water bewitched boil water sterilize water chlorinate water distill water draw water run water filter water purify water fluoridate water sip water squirt water on soften water pollute water б) жидкие выделения организма (слезы, слюна, пот, моча, околоплодная жидкость и т.д. to make water, pass water ≈ мочиться [ср. тж. water
1) ] red water ≈ кровавая моча water on the brain ≈ водянка мозга
2) а) часто мн. воды, море;
волны б) водоем в) часто мн. (минеральные) воды to drink the waters ≈ побывать на водах, пить лечебные воды (на курорте)
3) а) прилив и отлив б) паводок
4) вода (качество драгоценного камня) of the first water ≈ чистой воды (о драгоценных камнях, особ. о бриллиантах) ;
перен. замечательный
5) живоп., сокр. от water-colour ∙ draw water in a sieve get into hot water be in hot water in deep waters in deep water in low water in smooth water written in water
2. гл.
1) а) смачивать, мочить;
поливать, орошать, снабжать влагой б) поить( животных), ходить на водопой в) набирать воду (о корабле и т. п.)
2) а) прям. перен. разбавлять б) сглаживать, смягчать в) разводнять( об акционерном капитале)
3) а) слезиться б) потеть в) выделять воду, влагу Her mouth waters at the sight of popcorn. ≈ У нее потекли слюнки при виде попкорна.
4) текст. муарировать вода - fresh /sweet/ * пресная вода - * funk (сленг) человек, боящийся купаться - by * водным путем, пароходом, морем - under * под водой;
затопленный - the road is under * after the heavy rain после ливня затопило дорогу - a piece of * водоем - head of * напор воды - * of condensation( специальное) конденсационная вода - * of crystallization( химическое) кристаллизационная вода - to cut off the * отключить воду - to turn on the * пустить воду (в ванну и т. п.) ;
открыть кран - to rinse in three *s прополоскать в трех водах - to draw (in) * (морское) дать течь;
зачерпнуть воды бортом часто pl воды;
водное пространство;
море, океан - territorial *s (юридическое) территориальные воды /-ое море/ - on /upon/ the * на море;
на морской службе - across /over/ the * за морем, за океаном;
за море, за океан;
за Темзу или за Темзой (в Лондоне) - on this side of the * по эту сторону океана /моря, Темзы/ - to cross the * пересечь океан /море/ (тж. to cross the *s) ;
перейти на другой берег Темзы - at the *'s edge (американизм) на границах США часто pl волны часто pl (минеральные) воды;
лечебная вода - mineral * минеральная вода (в бутылках) - to drink the *s побывать на водах, пить лечебные воды (на курорте) pl наводнение;
разлив, паводок - the *s are out вода вышла из берегов, река разлилась - the *s have fallen вода спала уровень воды - high * полная вода, прилив;
паводок - low * низкая, малая вода;
отлив водоем;
озеро, река, пруд жидкие выделения организма (слюна, пот, моча, слезы и т. п.) - to pass /to make/ * мочиться - it brings the * to one's mouth от этого слюнки текут - it brought the * into his eyes у него от этого навернулись слезы - * on the brain (медицина) водянка головного мозга, гидроцефалия - the * broke воды отошли (перед родами) вода (качество драгоценного камня) - of the first * чистой воды (о драгоценных камнях, особ. бриллиантах) ;
исключительный, замечательный;
(разговорное) заправский, отъявленный, прожженный - an artist of the first * выдающийся художник;
талант первой величины - scoundrel of the first * мерзавец чистейшей воды, отъявленный негодяй - blunder of the first * грубейшая ошибка акварель муаровый, волнистый рисунок( на ткани) > under * потерпевший крушение( надежд) ;
незадачливый;
(шотландское) в долгах > in deep *s в беде, в горе;
в трудном /опасном/ положении;
(библеизм) во глубине вод > in hot * в беде (преим. по своей вине) > to get into hot * попасть в беду;
запутаться, "влипнуть" > to be in smooth * пройти через трудности;
достигнуть тихой гавани > to hold * не протекать, не пропускать воду( о лодке и т. п.) > to keep one's head above * держаться на поверхности;
не испытывать затруднений > to take (the) * войти в воду, поплыть;
сесть на корабль;
быть спущенным на воду (о судне) ;
(американизм) (сленг) отступить;
пойти на попятный > to spend money like * сорить деньгами > to shed blood like * проливать море крови > to throw cold * upon возражать против чего-л. > to draw * in a sieve носить воду решетом > to make a hole in the * (сленг) утопиться > written in /on/ * известный( об имени) ;
недолговечный, преходящий > to throw the baby out with the bath * выплеснуть из ванны вместе с водой ребенка > a lot of * has passed /flowed, gone/ under the bridge много воды утекло > like * off a duck's back (разговорное) как с гуся вода > * of life духовное обновление, "живая вода";
живительный напиток( о спиртном) > the *s of forgetfulness воды забвения, Лета > * bewitched "водичка" (о слабом чае, разбавленном виски и т. п.) ;
вода (о пустословии) ;
переливание из пустого в порожнее > strong *s (устаревшее) крепкие напитки водный;
морской;
речной - * sports водный спорт;
виды водного спорта - * gods (мифология) морские божества;
божества речных вод или источников - * spirits( мифология) духи вод - * erosion водная эрозия;
размыв - * face водное зеркало;
поверхность воды - * pageant карнавал на воде;
спортивный праздник на воде - * obstacle( военное) водный рубеж - * offensive( военное) наступление с форсированием водного рубежа - * exchange /metabolism/ (физиологическое) водный обмен водяной;
относящийся к воде;
предназначенный для воды;
живущий в воде или на воде - * box бак для воды;
поливной бак - * plants водяные растения - * reed речной тростник - * conduit bridge (строительство) акведук( специальное) водяной, гидравлический;
гидросиловой;
гидротехнический - * engineer инженер-гидротехник водопроводный;
относящийся к водоснабжению - * post водоразборная колонка мочить, смачивать;
увлажнять;
обрызгивать - to * (one's pillow) with tears заливать( подушку) слезами поливать - to * the garden поливать сад( обыкн. * down) разбавлять (водой) - this milk has been *ed (down) это молоко разбавлено (обыкн. * down) ослаблять, смягчать - to * down one's remarks смягчать (свои) замечания - the statement has been *ed down в заявлении были сглажены острые углы поить, водить на водопой - to * horses поить лошадей пить, ходить на водопой - the cattle *ed in the lake стадо ходило на водопой к озеру (обыкн. * down) снабжать водой набирать воду;
делать запас воды (о корабле и т. п.) орошать;
обводнять - the country is *ed by numerous rivers страна орошается многочисленными реками - to * one's clay (разговорное) промочить горло выделять воду, влагу (об организме) ;
слезиться, потеть - it makes one's mouth * от этого слюнки текут - smoke made his eyes * от дыма у него слезились глаза (финансовое) разводнять (акционерный капитал) (текстильное) муарировать aerated ~ газированная вода ~ вода;
by water водным путем;
on the water на лодке, на пароходе;
let's go on the water покатаемся на лодке by ~ водным путем ~ жив. сокр. от water-colour;
the waters of forgetfulness Лета, забвение, смерть;
to draw water in a sieve носить воду решетом ~ (часто pl) (минеральные) воды;
to drink the waters побывать на водах, пить лечебные воды (на курорте) genius of the first ~ исключительный талант ground ~ грунтовая вода ground ~ почвенная, грунтовая вода;
подпочвенные воды heavy ~ хим. тяжелая вода high ~ = high tide high ~ паводок in deep ~(s) в беде;
in low water "на мели", близкий к разорению;
in smooth water преуспевающий in deep ~(s) в беде;
in low water "на мели", близкий к разорению;
in smooth water преуспевающий in deep ~(s) в беде;
in low water "на мели", близкий к разорению;
in smooth water преуспевающий ~ слезиться;
потеть;
выделять воду, влагу;
it made his mouth water у него слюнки потекли ~ вода;
by water водным путем;
on the water на лодке, на пароходе;
let's go on the water покатаемся на лодке like a fish out of ~ не в своей стихии;
как рыба, вынутая из воды;
to spend money like water сорить деньгами ~ жидкие выделения (организма) ;
слезы, слюна, пот, моча, околоплодная жидкость, воды;
to make (или to pass) water мочиться to hold ~ быть логически последовательным;
to make water дать течь( о корабле) water вода (качество драгоценного камня) ;
of the first water чистой воды (о драгоценных камнях, особ. о бриллиантах) ;
перен. замечательный ~ вода;
by water водным путем;
on the water на лодке, на пароходе;
let's go on the water покатаемся на лодке red ~ кровавая моча;
water on the brain водянка мозга to shed blood like ~ пролить море крови;
written in water недолговечный, преходящий (о славе и т. п.) like a fish out of ~ не в своей стихии;
как рыба, вынутая из воды;
to spend money like water сорить деньгами spring ~ ключевая вода tap ~ водопроводная вода waste ~ отработанная вода water вода (качество драгоценного камня) ;
of the first water чистой воды (о драгоценных камнях, особ. о бриллиантах) ;
перен. замечательный ~ вода;
by water водным путем;
on the water на лодке, на пароходе;
let's go on the water покатаемся на лодке ~ водоем ~ (часто pl) (минеральные) воды;
to drink the waters побывать на водах, пить лечебные воды (на курорте) ~ (часто pl) воды;
море;
волны ~ жидкие выделения (организма) ;
слезы, слюна, пот, моча, околоплодная жидкость, воды;
to make (или to pass) water мочиться ~ мочить, смачивать ~ текст. муарировать ~ набирать воду (о корабле и т. п.) ~ жив. сокр. от water-colour;
the waters of forgetfulness Лета, забвение, смерть;
to draw water in a sieve носить воду решетом ~ паводок ~ поить (животных) ~ поливать, орошать;
снабжать влагой ~ прилив и отлив ~ разбавлять (водой;
тж. water down) ~ разводнять (об акционерном капитале) ~ сглаживать, смягчать (тж. water down) ;
to water down the differences затушевывать разногласия ~ слезиться;
потеть;
выделять воду, влагу;
it made his mouth water у него слюнки потекли ~ ходить на водопой ~ bewitched шутл. = вода (о пустословии) ~ bewitched шутл. = водичка (слабый чай и т. п.) ~ course течение воды ~ сглаживать, смягчать (тж. water down) ;
to water down the differences затушевывать разногласия red ~ кровавая моча;
water on the brain водянка мозга ~ жив. сокр. от water-colour;
the waters of forgetfulness Лета, забвение, смерть;
to draw water in a sieve носить воду решетом water-colour: water-colour акварель (рисунок) ~ (обыкн. pl) акварель(ные краски) ~ жив. сокр. от water-colour;
the waters of forgetfulness Лета, забвение, смерть;
to draw water in a sieve носить воду решетом to shed blood like ~ пролить море крови;
written in water недолговечный, преходящий (о славе и т. п.)

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > water

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it's on the heavy side

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it's on the heavy side

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